جورج بردجز رودني
| جورج بردجز رودني George Brydges Rodney | |
|---|---|
 Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes, 1782 by Thomas Gainsborough. Behind is the French fleur de lys naval ensign from the captured Ville De Paris | |
| وُلد | عـُمِّد 13 فبراير 1718 Walton-on-Thames, Surrey |
| توفى | 24 مايو 1792 (عن عمر 74) Hanover Square, لندن |
| مكان الدفن | Old Alresford |
| الولاء |  مملكة بريطانيا العظمى |
| الخدمة/الفرع |  مملكة بريطانيا العظمى |
| سنوات الخدمة | 1732–1792 |
| الرتبة | Admiral |
| قاد | Greenwich Hospital |
| معارك/حروب | |
| جوائز | Knight of the Order of the Bath |
البارون جورج بردجز رودني George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney (13 فبراير 1718 - 24 مايو 1792) كان ضابط بحري بريطاني· اشتهر بدوره في حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية، وخصوصاً لانتصاره على الفرنسيين في معركة القديسين في 1782. وكثيراً ما يُزعم أنه كان القائد الذي ابتدع تكتيك "كسر الخط".
فكان حكم نيوفاوندلاند من عام 1748 حتى 1751· وفي تلك السنة بالذات انُتخب عضواً في البرلمان - في أثناء غيابه، ثم بعد أن غادر نيوفاوندلاند، والتحق بـالأسطول·
Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747. He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain. During the Seven Years' War, Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg. He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762. Following the Peace of Paris, Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.
Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the Jamaica Station, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeake leading to the surrender at Yorktown.
To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to Jamaica.
Rodney accompanied the future King William IV on his visit (April 1783) to Cuba. There the prince conferred with Captain General Luis de Unzaga to reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of the United States of America.[1] On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.
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النشأة
George Brydges Rodney was born either in Walton-on-Thames[2] or in London, though the family seat was Rodney Stoke, Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718.[3] He was baptised in St Giles-in-the-Fields on 13 February 1718.[4] He was the third of four surviving children of Henry Rodney and Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter of Sir Henry Newton.[5] His father had served in Spain under the Earl of Peterborough during the War of the Spanish Succession, and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713.[6] A major investment in the South Sea Company ruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family.[4] In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of the Royal Yacht of George I and it was after him that George was named,[7] but this had been discounted more recently.[4]
George was educated at Harrow School, and left as one of the last King's letter boys[8] to join the Royal Navy, having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on board Sunderland.[6]
السيرة المبكرة
After serving aboard Sunderland, Rodney switched to Dreadnought where he served from 1734 to 1737 under Captain Henry Medley who acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed in Lisbon, a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet off Newfoundland in 1738.[9]
He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of the Duke of Chandos.[9] While serving on the Mediterranean station he was made lieutenant in Dolphin, his promotion dating 15 February 1739.[6] He then served on Namur, the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief Sir Thomas Mathews.
كابتن
The War of the Austrian Succession had broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid on Ventimiglia, where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally the Republic of Genoa, which he successfully accomplished.[10] Shortly after this, he attained the rank of post-captain, having been appointed by Matthews to Plymouth on 9 November. He picked up several British merchantmen in Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.[10]
After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly built Ludlow Castle which he used to blockade the Scottish coast during the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboard Ludlow Castle were Samuel Hood, later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney.[11] In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gun Eagle. After some time spent blockading French-occupied Ostend and cruising around the Western Approaches, where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanish privateer, Eagle was sent to join the Western Squadron.
معركة رأس فنستر
The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both the English Channel and the French Atlantic coast.
Eagle continued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes to Kinsale in Ireland, Eagle was not present at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when the Western Squadron commanded by Lord Anson won a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland, Eagle fell in with a small squadron under Commodore Thomas Fox which sighted a French merchant convoy heading for the Bay of Biscay. In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them.[12] Afterwards Eagle rejoined the Western Squadron now under the command of Edward Hawke.
On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, a victory off Ushant over the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight large ships-of-the-line while the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, and Eagle was one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. Initially Eagle was engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gun Neptune for two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox in Kent had failed to support him, and testified at Fox's court martial. The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.
The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy.[13] Rodney later often referred to "the good old discipline" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline.[14] For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following the Congress of Breda, an agreement was signed at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ending the war. Rodney took his ship back to Plymouth where it was decommissioned on 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share of prize money during his time with Eagle was £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.[15]
قائد
On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests.[6] He was given command of Rainbow and had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuable cod trade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.
Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerful Duke of Bedford and Lord Sandwich. He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election in Launceston. He was elected MP for Saltash, a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751.[16][17] After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate at Old Alresford in Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.
In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister of Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton. He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their father Charles Compton was consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757.[18] From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of the Seven Years' War.
حرب السبع سنوات
وبصفته أميرالاً خلال حرب السنوات السبع (1756-1763) اشتهر رودني على نطاق واسع بعدد من المغامرات البطولية·
سنوات السلم
Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747. He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain. During the Seven Years' War, Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg. He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762. Following the Peace of Paris, Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.
Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the Jamaica Station, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeake leading to the surrender at Yorktown.
To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to Jamaica.
Rodney accompanied the future King William IV on his visit (April 1783) to Cuba. There the prince conferred with Captain General Luis de Unzaga to reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of the United States of America.[19] On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.
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Early life
George Brydges Rodney was born either in Walton-on-Thames[20] or in London, though the family seat was Rodney Stoke, Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718.[21] He was baptised in St Giles-in-the-Fields on 13 February 1718.[4] He was the third of four surviving children of Henry Rodney and Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter of Sir Henry Newton.[22] His father had served in Spain under the Earl of Peterborough during the War of the Spanish Succession, and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713.[6] A major investment in the South Sea Company ruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family.[4] In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of the Royal Yacht of George I and it was after him that George was named,[23] but this had been discounted more recently.[4]
George was educated at Harrow School, and left as one of the last King's letter boys[8] to join the Royal Navy, having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on board Sunderland.[6]
Early career
After serving aboard Sunderland, Rodney switched to Dreadnought where he served from 1734 to 1737 under Captain Henry Medley who acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed in Lisbon, a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet off Newfoundland in 1738.[9]
He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of the Duke of Chandos.[9] While serving on the Mediterranean station he was made lieutenant in Dolphin, his promotion dating 15 February 1739.[6] He then served on Namur, the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief Sir Thomas Mathews.
Captain
The War of the Austrian Succession had broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid on Ventimiglia, where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally the Republic of Genoa, which he successfully accomplished.[10] Shortly after this, he attained the rank of post-captain, having been appointed by Matthews to Plymouth on 9 November. He picked up several British merchantmen in Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.[10]
After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly built Ludlow Castle which he used to blockade the Scottish coast during the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboard Ludlow Castle were Samuel Hood, later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney.[24] In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gun Eagle. After some time spent blockading French-occupied Ostend and cruising around the Western Approaches, where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanish privateer, Eagle was sent to join the Western Squadron.
Battle of Cape Finisterre
The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both the English Channel and the French Atlantic coast.
Eagle continued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes to Kinsale in Ireland, Eagle was not present at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when the Western Squadron commanded by Lord Anson won a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland, Eagle fell in with a small squadron under Commodore Thomas Fox which sighted a French merchant convoy heading for the Bay of Biscay. In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them.[25] Afterwards Eagle rejoined the Western Squadron now under the command of Edward Hawke.
On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre, a victory off Ushant over the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight large ships-of-the-line while the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, and Eagle was one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. Initially Eagle was engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gun Neptune for two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox in Kent had failed to support him, and testified at Fox's court martial. The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.
The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy.[26] Rodney later often referred to "the good old discipline" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline.[27] For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following the Congress of Breda, an agreement was signed at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ending the war. Rodney took his ship back to Plymouth where it was decommissioned on 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share of prize money during his time with Eagle was £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.[28]
Commander
On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests.[6] He was given command of Rainbow and had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuable cod trade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.
Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerful Duke of Bedford and Lord Sandwich. He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election in Launceston. He was elected MP for Saltash, a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751.[29][30] After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate at Old Alresford in Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.
In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister of Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton. He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their father Charles Compton was consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757.[31] From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of the Seven Years' War.
حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية
In London, he suggested to Lord George Germain that George Washington could "certainly be bought – honours will do it".[32]
معركة على ضوء القمر
Rodney was appointed once more commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station late in 1779.[33] His orders were to relieve Gibraltar on his way to the West Indies. He captured a Spanish convoy of 22 vessels off Cape Finisterre on 8 January 1780.[34] Eight days later at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent he defeated the Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Lángara, taking or destroying seven ships.[6] He then brought some relief to Gibraltar by delivering reinforcements and supplies.
معركة مارتينيك
On 17 April he fought an action off Martinique with the French Admiral Guichen which, owing to the carelessness of some of Rodney's captains, was indecisive.[6]
استولى على سان فنسان، وگرينادا، ثم استولى على جزيرة المارتينيك.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الاستيلاء على سنت أوستاتيوس
وفي السنة 1778 عينّ اميرالاً· وفي عام 1780 استولى على قافلة بحرية أسبانية بأسرها في عرض كاب فينيستير، وبالقرب من رأس سان فنسان استولى أيضاً على سبع سفن أسبانية من إحدى عشرة سفينة كانت تؤلف قافلة بحرية أخرى·
معركة القديسين
وكان الانتصار الذي تّوج حياته العسكرية في عرض دومينيكا في عام 1782 عندما حطّم اسطولاً فرنسياً بقيادة الأميرال دوگراس، وأسر دوگراس نفسه·
ذكراه
الهامش
- ^ Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States of America and in Liberalism. Foundation. Malaga. pages 108–116
- ^ Stewart, p. 249.
- ^ Hannay, p. 5.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Trew, p. 13.
- ^ Burke, John "The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, Vol. 1", p. 125.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 23 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–448.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Hannay, pp. 3–4.
- ^ أ ب Fraser 2009, p. 64
- ^ أ ب ت ث Trew, p. 14.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Trew, p. 15.
- ^ Trew, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Trew, pp. 16–18.
- ^ Rodger, p. 253.
- ^ Trew, p. 11.
- ^ Trew, p. 21.
- ^ Trew, p. 22.
- ^ Cruickshanks, Eveline (1970). "Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)". In Sedgwick, Romney (ed.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754. London: HMSO. ISBN 9780118800983.
- ^ Trew, p. 23.
- ^ Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States of America and in Liberalism. Foundation. Malaga. pages 108–116
- ^ Stewart, p. 249.
- ^ Hannay, p. 5.
- ^ Burke, John "The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, Vol. 1", p. 125.
- ^ Hannay, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Trew, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Trew, pp. 16–18.
- ^ Rodger, p. 253.
- ^ Trew, p. 11.
- ^ Trew, p. 21.
- ^ Trew, p. 22.
- ^ Cruickshanks, Eveline (1970). "Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)". In Sedgwick, Romney (ed.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754. London: HMSO. ISBN 9780118800983.
- ^ Trew, p. 23.
- ^ Hibbert, p. 295.
- ^ Haydn, Joseph (13 June 2008). The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain Original 1851 Digitized by the University of Michigan (in الإنجليزية). Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 279.
- ^ "No. 12056". The London Gazette. 8 February 1780. p. 1.
وصلات خارجية
- Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Online 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Article
- Find A Grave:George Rodney
- "Retribution:Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius", by Louis Arthur Norton
- Chapter III, Rodney: The Form in Types of Naval Officers, available at Project Gutenberg., by A. T. Mahan
- مقالات المعرفة المحتوية على معلومات من دائرة المعارف البريطانية طبعة 1911
- Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- Missing redirects
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