جزيرة سنتينل الشمالية
الجغرافيا | |
---|---|
الموقع | خليج البنغال |
الإحداثيات | 11°33′25″N 92°14′28″E / 11.557°N 92.241°E [1] |
الأرخبيل | جزر أندامان[2] |
قريبة من | خليج البنغال |
المساحة | 59.67 km2 (23.04 sq mi)[3] |
الطول | 7٫8 km (4٫85 mi) |
العرض | 7٫0 km (4٫35 mi) |
الخط الساحلي | 31٫6 km (19٫64 mi) |
أعلى منسوب | 122 m (400 ft)[1] |
الإدارة | |
Union territory | Andaman and Nicobar |
District | South Andaman |
Tehsil | Port Blair Tehsil[4] |
السكان | |
اسم المواطن | North Sentinelese |
التعداد | 39[5] (2018 estimate) actual population highly uncertain – may be as high as 400 |
الجماعات العرقية | Sentinelese[2] |
معلومات إضافية | |
Time zone | |
PIN | 744202[6] |
ISO code | IN-AN-00[7] |
الموقع الرسمي | andaman |
Avg. summer temperature | 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) |
Avg. winter temperature | 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) |
Census Code | 35.639.0004 |
جزيرة سنتينل الشمالية هي إحدى جزر أندامان، وهو أرخبيل يقع في خليج البنغال والذي يضم أيضًا جزيرة جنوب سينتينيل. [8] وهي موطن لـ شعب Sentinelese ، وهم شعب بدائي يعيش في عزلة طوعية رفض ، في كثير من الأحيان بعنف أي اتصال بالعالم الخارجي. إنهم من بين آخر الشعوب القبلية التي لم تمسها الحضارة الحديثة تقريبًا. [8] [9]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الموقع
تقع North Sentinel على بعد 36 كيلومترًا (22 ميلًا) إلى الغرب من مدينة واندور في جنوب جزيرة أندامان ، [2] 50 كم (31 ميلًا) غرب بورت بلير ، و 59.6 كيلومترًا (37.0 ميلًا) شمال نظيرتها جنوب جزيرة سنتينل. تبلغ مساحتها حوالي 59.67 كيلومتر مربع (23.04 ميل مربع) مربع تقريبًا. [10]North Sentinel محاط بالشعاب المرجانية وتفتقر إلى الموانئ الطبيعية يوجد شاطئ ضيق ذو رمال بيضاء يحيط بالجزيرة ، ترتفع خلفه الأرض 20 مترًا (66 قدمًا) ، ثم تدريجيًا إلى ما بين 46 مترًا: 257 و 122 مترًا[11]
السكان
يقدر عدد شعب Sentinelese جزيرة North Sentinel بين 50 و 400 شخص في تقرير عام 2012. [12] يشير تعداد الهند لعام 2011 إلى وجود 15 مقيمًا [13] في 10 أسر ، ولكن هذا أيضًا كان مجرد تقدير ، وصفته صحيفة تايمز أوف إنديا بأنه "تخمين مبالغ فيه". [14]إنهم يرفضون أي اتصال بالآخرين ، وهم من بين آخر الأشخاص الذين ظلوا بمنأى عن الحضارة الحديثة. يواجه السكان التهديدات المحتملة للأمراض المعدية التي ليس لديهم مناعة ضدها ، وكذلك العنف من الدخلاء. أعلنت الحكومة الهندية أن الجزيرة بأكملها والمياه المحيطة بها والتي تمتد على مسافة 5 أميال بحرية (9.26 كم) من الجزيرة منطقة محظورة. [15]
بعد استقلال الهند
Indian exploratory parties under orders to establish friendly relations with the Sentinelese made brief landings on the island every few years beginning in 1967.[2] In 1975 Leopold III of Belgium, on a tour of the Andamans, was taken by local dignitaries for an overnight cruise to the waters off North Sentinel Island.[16] The cargo ship MV Rusley ran aground on coastal reefs in mid-1977, and the MV Primrose did so in August 1981. The Sentinelese are known to have scavenged both wrecks for iron. Settlers from Port Blair also visited the sites to recover the cargo. In 1991, salvage operators were authorised to dismantle the ships.[17]
After the Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef on 2 August 1981, crewmen several days later noticed that some men carrying spears and arrows were building boats on the beach. The captain of Primrose radioed for an urgent drop of firearms so his crew could defend themselves. They did not receive any because a large storm stopped other ships from reaching them, but the heavy seas also prevented the islanders from approaching the ship. A week later, the crewmen were rescued by a helicopter under contract to the Indian Oil And Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).[18]
The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by Triloknath Pandit, a director of the Anthropological Survey of India, and his colleagues on 4 January 1991.[19][20] Although Pandit and his colleagues were able to make repeated friendly contact, dropping coconuts and other gifts to the Sentinelese, no progress was made in understanding the Sentinelese language, and the Sentinelese repeatedly warned them off if they stayed too long. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997.[2]
The Sentinelese survived the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its after-effects, including the tsunami and the uplifting of the island. Three days after the earthquake, an Indian government helicopter observed several islanders, who shot arrows and threw spears and stones at the helicopter.[2][17][21] Although the tsunami disturbed the tribal fishing grounds, the Sentinelese appear to have adapted.[22]
In January 2006, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, two Indian fishermen were fishing illegally in prohibited waters and were killed by the Sentinelese when their boat drifted too close to the island. There were no prosecutions.[23]
In November 2018, John Allen Chau, a 26-year-old American missionary[24] trained and sent by Missouri-based All Nations,[25] was killed during an illegal trip to the restricted island, planning to preach Christianity to the Sentinelese.[26] Seven individuals were taken into custody by Indian police on suspicion of abetting Chau's illegal access to the island.[25] Entering a radius of 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) around the island is illegal under Indian law.[27][28] Fishermen told police that they had seen the tribespeople dragging Chau's body around but the authorities had not been able to independently verify his death as of 25 November 2018.[29] The case is being treated as a murder but there has been no suggestion that the tribesmen would be charged.[30]
الوضع السياسي
توفر لائحة أندامان ونيكوبار (حماية قبائل السكان الأصليين) لعام 1956 الحماية للقبائل السينتيلية وغيرها من القبائل الأصلية في المنطقة. [31] كماصرحت إدارة أندامان ونيكوبار في عام 2005 أنهما ليس لديهما أي نية للتدخل في نمط حياة أو موطن سكان سنتينليز ولا يهتمون بمتابعة أي اتصال آخر معهم أو إدارة الجزيرة. [32] على الرغم من أن جزيرة سينتينيل ليست من الناحية القانونية تقسيمًا إداريًا ذاتيًا للهند ، فقد أشار العلماء إليها وشعبها على أنهم يتمتعون بالحكم الذاتي بشكل ما ، [33] [34]أو مستقلين. [35]
المراجع
- ^ أ ب قالب:Cite enroute
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةandaman.org
- ^ "Forest Statistics" (PDF). Department of Environment & Forests Andaman & Nicobar Islands. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "Andaman and Nicobar Islands Census 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2017.
- ^ "Mysterious 'lost' tribe kills US tourist". news.com.au. November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
- ^ "A&N Islands – Pincodes". 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code
- ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sentinelese-tribe-has-closer-resemblance-to-jarawas-slightly-taller-than-other-andaman-tribes-says-expert-5460473/
- ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/09/28/will-the-worlds-most-dangerous-island-become-a-human-zoo-the-shocking-future-of-north-sentinel/#7445c3de2688
- ^ https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/25/asia/missionary-john-chau-north-sentinel-island-sentinelese/index.html
- ^ https://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/SD/Pub173/Pub173bk.pdf
- ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sentinel_Island#cite_ref-andaman.org_2-9
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66744174.cms
- ^ http://anonhq.com/island-tribe-hostile-outsiders-face-survival-threat
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةGoodheart
- ^ أ ب Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006). Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-4272-9. LCCN 2008943457. OCLC 371672686. OL 16952992W. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
- ^ "The strange mystery of North Sentinel Island". Unexplained Mysteries. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBefriending
- ^ McGirk, Tim (10 January 1993). "Islanders running out of isolation: Tim McGirk in the Andaman Islands reports on the fate of the Sentinelese". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (6 February 2010). "With one last breath, a people and language are gone". The New Zealand Herald. The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةwebertsu
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةFoster 2006
- ^ "'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ أ ب "Police face-off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body". News.com.au. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ "John Allen Chau: What we could learn from remote tribes". BBC. 24 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ ""God, I don't want to die," U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Cops arrest suspects believed to help US missionary on fatal trip". New York Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2018-11-23. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةcnn.com
- ^ "Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2018-11-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/north-sentinel-island-andaman-nicobar-tribe-american-killed-5460144/
- ^ https://archive.is/20120914105121/http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=-4PDCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=iWlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=iWlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9
وصلات خارجية
- The Sentinelese People – history of the Sentinelese and of the island
- Brief factsheet about the indigenous people of the Andaman Islands by the Andaman & Nicobar Administration (archived 10 April 2009)
- "The Andaman Tribes: Victims of Development"
- Video clip from Survival International
- Photographs of the 1981 Primrose rescue
- Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
- CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
- CS1 الإنجليزية الأمريكية-language sources (en-us)
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Coordinates on Wikidata
- Articles using infobox islands with additional info
- Autonomous regions of India
- Islands of South Andaman district
- جزر خليج البنغال
- Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples