جامعة كارلوڤا Charles University

Coordinates: 50°05′18″N 14°24′13″E / 50.0884°N 14.4037°E / 50.0884; 14.4037
For other uses, see University of Prague (disambiguation).
Charles University
Univerzita Karlova
Charles-University-symbol-4.svg
لاتينية: Universitas Carolina[1]
الاسم السابق
University of Prague (لاتينية: Universitas Pragensis)
النوعPublic, ancient
تأسست26 January 1347; منذ 677 سنة (26 January 1347
الميزانية8.9 billion CZK[2]
القيّمMilena Králíčková
الطاقم الأكاديمي4,057[2]
الطاقم الإداري4,026[2]
الطلبة51,438[2]
طلبة قبل البكالوريوس32,520[2]
طلاب الدراسات العليا9,288[2]
طلاب الدكتوراه7,428[2]
الموقع
Prague
،
Czech Republic

50°05′18″N 14°24′13″E / 50.0884°N 14.4037°E / 50.0884; 14.4037
الحرمUrban
الانتسابCoimbra Group
EUA
Europaeum
UNICA
الموقع الإلكترونيcuni.cz/UKEN-1.html
Univerzita Karlova horizontal logo 2023.svg

Charles University (CUNI; تشيكية: Univerzita Karlova, UK; لاتينية: Universitas Carolina; ألمانية: Karls-Universität), or historically as the University of Prague (لاتينية: Universitas Pragensis), is the largest university in the Czech Republic.[3] It is one of the oldest universities in the world in continuous operation, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris.[4] Today, the university consists of 17 faculties located in Prague, Hradec Králové, and Plzeň.[5]

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History

Monument to the protector of the university, Emperor Charles IV, in Prague (built in 1848)


Medieval university (1349–1419)

The establishment of a medieval university in Prague was inspired by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.[6] He requested his friend and ally, Pope Clement VI, to create the university. On 26 January 1347, the pope issued the bull establishing a university in Prague, modeled on the University of Paris, with all four faculties, including theology. On 7 April 1348 Charles, the king of Bohemia, gave to the established university privileges and immunities from the secular power in a Golden Bull[7] and on 14 January 1349 he repeated that as the King of the Romans. Most Czech sources since the 19th century—encyclopedias, general histories, materials of the university itself—prefer to give 1348 as the year of the founding of the university, rather than 1347 or 1349. That was caused by an anticlerical shift in the 19th century, shared by both Czechs and Germans.

Teacher and students shown in a medieval manuscript from Bohemia

The university was opened in 1349. The university was sectioned into parts called nations: the Bohemian, Bavarian, Polish and Saxon. The Bohemian natio included Bohemians, Moravians, southern Slavs, and Hungarians; the Bavarian included Austrians, Swabians, natives of Franconia and of the Rhine provinces; the Polish included Silesians, Poles, Ruthenians; the Saxon included inhabitants of the Margravate of Meissen, Thuringia, Upper and Lower Saxony, Denmark, and Sweden.[8] Ethnically Czech students made 16–20% of all students.[9] Archbishop Arnošt of Pardubice took an active part in the foundation by obliging the clergy to contribute and became a chancellor of the university (i.e., director or manager).

The first graduate was promoted in 1359. The lectures were held in the colleges, of which the oldest was named for the king the Carolinum, established in 1366. In 1372 the Faculty of Law became an independent university.[10]

In 1402 Jerome of Prague in Oxford copied out the Dialogus and Trialogus of John Wycliffe. The dean of the philosophical faculty, Jan Hus, translated Trialogus into the Czech language. In 1403 the university forbade its members to follow the teachings of Wycliffe, but his doctrine continued to gain in popularity.

In the Western Schism, the Bohemian nation took the side of king Wenceslaus and supported the Council of Pisa (1409). The other nations of the university declared their support for the side of Pope Gregory XII, thus the vote was 1:3 against the Bohemians. Hus and other Bohemians, though, took advantage of Wenceslaus' opposition to Gregory. By the Decree of Kutná Hora (ألمانية: Kuttenberg) on 18 January 1409, the king subverted the university constitution by granting the Bohemian masters three votes. Only a single vote was left for all other three nations combined, compared to one vote per each nation before. The result of this coup was the emigration of foreign (mostly German) professors and students, founding the University of Leipzig in May 1409. Before that, in 1408, the university had about 200 doctors and Masters, 500 bachelors, and 30,000 students [محل شك]; it now lost a large part of this number, accounts of the loss varying from 5000 to 20,000 [محل شك] including 46 professors.[8]

In the autumn of 1409, Hus was elected rector of the now Czech-dominated rump university. The university became a bastion of the Hussite movement and mostly a regional institution.[11] Soon, in 1419, the faculties of theology and law disappeared, and only the faculty of arts remained in existence.

Protestant academy (1419–1622)

Karolinum – the oldest building of Charles University built in the 14th century

The faculty of arts became a centre of the Hussite movement, and the chief doctrinal authority of the Utraquists. No degrees were given in the years 1417–30; at times there were only eight or nine professors.[8] Emperor Sigismund, son of Charles IV, took what was left into his personal property and some progress was made. The emperor Ferdinand I called the Jesuits to Prague and in 1562 they opened an academy—the Clementinum. From 1541 till 1558 the Czech humanist de (Mattheus Collinus) (1516–1566) was a professor of Greek language.[12] Some progress was made again when the emperor Rudolph II took up residence in Prague. In 1609 the obligatory celibacy of the professors was abolished.[13] In 1616 the Jesuit Academy became a university. (It could award academic degrees.)[13]

Jesuits were expelled 1618–1621 during the early stages of the Thirty Years' War, which was started in Prague by anti-Catholic and anti-Imperial Bohemians. By 1622, the Jesuits had a predominant influence over the emperor. An Imperial decree of 19 September 1622 gave the Jesuits supreme control over the entire school system of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The last four professors at the Carolinum resigned, and all of the Carolinum and nine colleges went to the Jesuits. The right of handing out degrees, of holding chancellorships, and of appointing the secular professors was also granted to the Jesuits.

Charles-Ferdinand University (1622–1882)

Cardinal Ernst Adalbert of Harrach actively opposed the union of the university with another institution, the withdrawal of the archiepiscopal right to the chancellorship, and prevented the drawing up of the Golden Bull for the confirmation of the grant to Jesuits. Cardinal Ernst funded the Collegium Adalbertinum, and in 1638, Emperor Ferdinand III limited the teaching monopoly enjoyed by the Jesuits. He took from them the rights, properties and archives of the Carolinum making the university once more independent under an imperial protector. During the last years of the Thirty Years' War the Charles Bridge in Prague was courageously defended by students of the Carolinum and Clementinum. Since 1650, those who received any degrees took an oath to maintain the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, which has been renewed annually.

Baroque library hall in Clementinum, which originally belonged to the university, today part of National Library of the Czech Republic

On 23 February 1654, emperor Ferdinand III merged Carolinum and Clementinum and created a single university with four faculties:Charles-Ferdinand University (لاتينية: Universitatis Carolinae Ferdinandeae).[14] Carolinum had at that time only the faculty of arts, as the only faculty surviving the period of the Hussite Wars. The dilapidated Carolinum was rebuilt in 1718 at the expense of the state.

The rebuilding and the bureaucratic reforms of universities in the Habsburg monarchy in 1752 and 1754 deprived the university of many of its former privileges. In 1757 a Dominican and an Augustinian were appointed to give theological instruction. However, there was a gradual introduction of enlightened reforms, and this process culminated at the end of the century when even non-Catholics were granted the right to study. On 29 July 1784, German replaced Latin as the language of instruction.[15] For the first time Protestants were allowed, and soon after Jews. The university acknowledged the need for a Czech language and literature chair. Emperor Leopold II established it by a courtly decree on 28 October 1791. On 15 May 1792, scholar and historian cs (Franz Martin Pelzel)[16] was named the professor of the chair. He started his lectures on 13 March 1793.[17]

In the revolution of 1848, German and Czech students fought for the addition of the Czech language at the Charles-Ferdinand University as a language of lectures. Due to the demographic changes of the 19th century, Prague ceased to have a German-language majority around 1860. By 1863, 22 lecture courses were held in Czech, the remainder (out of 187) in German. In 1864, Germans suggested the creation of a separate Czech university. Czech professors rejected this because they did not wish to lose the continuity of university traditions.

Split into Czech and German universities

It soon became clear that neither the German-speaking Bohemians nor the Czechs were satisfied with the bilingual arrangement that the university had established after the revolutions of 1848. The Czechs also refused to support the idea of the reinstitution of the 1349 student nations, instead declaring their support for the idea of keeping the university together, but dividing it into separate colleges, one German and one Czech. This would allow both Germans and Czechs to retain the collective traditions of the university. German-speakers, however, quickly vetoed this proposal, preferring a pure German university: they proposed to split Charles-Ferdinand University into two separate institutions.

Doctoral diploma of Friedrich Hopfner, issued 1905 by the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague

After long negotiations, Charles-Ferdinand was divided into German Charles-Ferdinand University (ألمانية: Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität) and Czech Charles-Ferdinand University (تشيكية: Česká universita Karlo-Ferdinandova) by an act of the Cisleithanian Imperial Council, which Emperor Franz Joseph sanctioned on 28 February 1882.[18] Each section was entirely independent of the other, and enjoyed equal status. The two universities shared medical and scientific institutes, the old insignia, aula, library, and botanical garden, but common facilities were administered by the German University. The first rector of the Czech University became de (Václav Vladivoj Tomek).

In 1890, the Royal and Imperial Czech Charles-Ferdinand University had 112 teachers and 2,191 students and the Royal and Imperial German Charles-Ferdinand University had 146 teachers and 1,483 students. Both universities had three faculties; the Theological Faculty remained the common until 1891, when it was divided as well. In the winter semester of 1909–10 the German Charles-Ferdinand University had 1,778 students; these were divided into: 58 theological students, for both the secular priesthood and religious orders; 755 law students; 376 medical; 589 philosophical. Among the students were about 80 women. The professors were divided as follows: theology, 7 regular professors, 1 assistant professor, 1 docent; law, 12 regular professors, 2 assistant professors, 4 docents; medicine, 15 regular professors, 19 assistant, 30 docents; philosophy, 30 regular professors, 8 assistant, 19 docents, 7 lecturers. The Czech Charles-Ferdinand University in the winter semester of 1909–10 included 4,319 students; of these 131 were theological students belonging both to the secular and regular clergy; 1,962 law students; 687 medical; 1,539 philosophical; 256 students were women. The professors were divided as follows: theological faculty, 8 regular professors, 2 docents; law, 12 regular, 7 assistant professors, 12 docents; medicine, 16 regular professors, 22 assistant, 24 docents; philosophy, 29 regular, 16 assistant, 35 docents, 11 lecturers.[8]

The high point of the German University was the era preceding the First World War, when it was home to world-renowned scientists such as physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, Moritz Winternitz and Albert Einstein. In addition, the German-language students included prominent individuals such as future writers Max Brod, Franz Kafka, and Johannes Urzidil.[19] The "Lese- und Redehalle der deutschen Studenten in Prag" ("Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students in Prague"), founded in 1848, was an important social and scientific centre. Their library contained in 1885 more than 23,519 books and offered 248 scientific journals, 19 daily newspapers, 49 periodicals and 34 papers of entertainment. Regular lectures were held to scientific and political themes.

Even before the Austro-Hungarian Empire was abolished in late 1918, to be succeeded by Czechoslovakia, Czech politicians demanded that the insignia of 1348 were exclusively to be kept by the Czech university.[بحاجة لمصدر] The Act No. 197/1919 Sb. z. a n. established the Protestant Theological Faculty, but not as a part of the Charles University.[20] (That changed on 10 May 1990, when it finally became a faculty of the university.[21])

In 1920, the so-called Lex Mareš (No. 135/1920 Sb. z. a n.) was issued, named for its initiator, professor of physiology František Mareš, which determined that the Czech university was to be the successor to the original university.[22] Dropping the Habsburg name Ferdinand, it designated itself Charles University, while the German university was not named in the document, and then became officially called the German University in Prague (ألمانية: Deutsche Universität Prag).[23][24]

In 1921, the German-speaking Bohemians considered moving[25] their university to Liberec (ألمانية: Reichenberg), in northern Bohemia. In 1930, about 42,000 inhabitants of Prague spoke German as their native language, while millions lived in northern, southern and western Bohemia, in Czech Silesia and parts of Moravia near the borders with Austria and Germany.

The insignia of the university; bone of contention between the universities

In October 1932, after Naegle's death, the Czechs started again a controversy over the insignia. Ethnic tensions intensified, although some professors of the German University were members of the Czechoslovak government. Any agreement to use the insignia for both the universities was rejected.[بحاجة لمصدر] On 21 November 1934, the German University had to hand over the insigniae to the Czechs. The German University senate sent a delegation to Minister of Education Krčmář to protest the writ. At noon on 24 November 1934, several thousand students of the Czech University protested in front of the German university building. The Czech rector Karel Domin gave a speech urging the crowd to attack, while the outnumbered German students tried to resist. Under the threat of violence, on 25 November 1934 rector de (Otto Grosser) (1873–1951) handed over the insigniae. These troubles of 1934 harmed relations between the two universities and nationalities.

The tide turned in 1938 when, following the Munich Agreement, German troops entered the border areas of Czechoslovakia (the so-called Sudetenland), as did Polish and Hungarian troops elsewhere. On 15 March 1939 Germans forced Czecho-Slovakia to split apart and the Czech lands were occupied by Nazis as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Reichsprotektor Konstantin von Neurath handed the historical insigniae to the German University, which was officially renamed Deutsche Karls-Universität in Prag. On 1 September 1939 the German University was subordinated to the Reich Ministry of Education in Berlin and on 4 November 1939 it was proclaimed to be Reichsuniversität.[26]

On 28 October 1939, during a demonstration, Jan Opletal was shot. His burial on 15 November 1939 became another demonstration.[27] On 17 November 1939 (now marked as International Students' Day) the Czech University and all other Czech institutions of higher learning were closed, remaining closed until the end of the War. Nine student leaders were executed and about 1,200 Czech students were interned in Sachsenhausen and not released until 1943. About 20[28] or 35[29] interned students died in the camp. On 8 May 1940 the Czech University was officially renamed Czech Charles University (تشيكية: Česká universita Karlova) by government regulation 188/1940 Coll.

World War II marks the end of the coexistence of the two universities in Prague.

Detail of the stolen insignia of Charles University. From left: Sceptre of the Faculty of Theology, the Faculty of Law, the sceptre of the Rector, the sceptre of the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Philosophy.

In 1945 the insignia of the university (the rector's chain, the scepters of the individual faculties, the university seal and also the founding documents and other historical documents) were stolen by the Nazis. None of these historical objects have been found to this day.


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Present-day university (since 1945)

Façade of the modern entrance to Karolinum, the centre of Charles University

Although the university began to recover rapidly after 1945, it did not enjoy academic freedom for long. After the communist coup in 1948, the new regime started to arrange purges and repress all forms of disagreement with the official ideology, and continued to do so for the next four decades, with the second wave of purges during the normalization period in the beginning of the 1970s.[30]

Only in the late 1980s did the situation start to improve; students organized various activities and several peaceful demonstrations in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989 abroad.[31] This initiated the Velvet Revolution in 1989, in which both students and faculty of the university played a large role. Václav Havel, a writer, dramatist and philosopher, was recruited from the independent academic community and appointed president of the republic in December 1989.

Since 26 January 2022, Prof. Milena Králíčková is the first woman rector of the Charles University.[32]

December 2023 shooting

المقالة الرئيسية: 2023 Prague shootings

On 21 December 2023, a mass shooting occurred at the university. 14 people were killed, and 25 others were wounded.[33][34][35][36] The 24-year-old perpetrator then killed himself.[37][38] Before the shooting at the university, the perpetrator killed his father at their home in Hostouň.[39] He was also identified as the person responsible for the murders of a man and his two-month-old daughter in Klánovice Forest six days earlier on 15 December.[40]

Location

انظر أيضاً: Karolinum

Charles University does not have one joint campus. The University's faculties are located in Prague, Hradec Králové, Plzeň and Brandýs nad Labem. The Institute for Language and Preparatory Studies has teaching centres in Dobruška, Mariánské Lázně, Poděbrady and Zahrádky (near Česká Lípa). The Charles University Archive and Depository are located in Lešetice.[5]

University buildings and compounds are scattered throughout Prague – in the Old Town (Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Humanities), the New Town (First Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics), Břevnov (halls of residence), Veleslavín (Faculty of Physical Education and Sport), Libeň (Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, halls of residence), and Hostivař (halls of residence, sports centre).[5]

The oldest building at Charles University Karolinum is situated in the Old Town of Prague and constitutes the university's center. It is the seat of the rector and of the Academic Senate of Charles university. Carolinum is also the venue for official academic ceremonies such as matriculations or graduations. It was dedicated to the University by the Czech King Wenceslas IV in 1386 and has been serving the University ever since.[5]

Its academic publishing house is Karolinum Press and the university also operates several museums. The Botanical Garden of Charles University, maintained by its Faculty of Science, is located in the New Town.

Organisation

Faculties

Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague
Faculty of Law, Charles University in Prague

Among the four original faculties of Charles University were: the faculty of law, medicine, art (philosophy) and theology (now catholic theology). Today, Charles University consists of 17 faculties, based primarily in Prague, two houses in Hradec Králové and one in Plzeň.

Academic Institutes

  • Institute of the History of Charles University and Archive of Charles University
  • Center for Theoretical Study
  • Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education (CERGE-EI) together with Czech Academy of Sciences
  • Environment Center

Other units

Joint research centres of Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences

Subsidiary companies

  • Charles University Innovations Prague (technology transfer office)
  • Charles Games (video game development and distribution)
  • LAM-X (nanomaterials development)
  • GeneSpector (development and distribution of kits for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and other viral agents)
  • FlexiCare (implementation of telerehabilitation systems)
  • GeneSpector Innovations (development and distribution of technologies for medical diagnostics)

Rankings

ترتيب الجامعات
Global – Overall
ARWU World[57]301–400 (2023)
CWTS World[58]197 (2022)
QS World[59]246 (2025)
THE World[60]401–500 (2024)
USNWR Global[61]226 (2023)
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[62]2 (2022)
National – Overall
ARWU National[63]1
QS National[59]1
THE National[60]1

Charles University ranks 1st in Eastern Europe in the QS World University Rankings and 246 globally.[64][65] It was ranked in 2013 as 201–300 best in the World among 500 universities evaluated by Academic Ranking of World Universities, 351–400 among 400 universities in Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 485th in CWTS Leiden Ranking of 500 universities. Earlier rankings are presented in following table.[66]

According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Charles University ranked in the upper 1.5 percent of the world's best universities in 2011. It came 201st to 300th out of 17,000 universities worldwide.[67] It is the best university in the Czech Republic and one of the best universities in Central and Eastern Europe only overtaken by Russian Lomonosov Moscow State University at 74th place.[68][69] It was placed 31st in Times BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2014 (after 23rd University of Warsaw).[70]

Rector of the University Václav Hampl said in 2008: "I am very pleased that Charles University achieved such a great success and I would like to thank to all who have contributed to it. An overwhelming majority of schools with a similar placement like Charles University have incomparably better financing and therefore this success is not only a reflection of professional qualities of our academics but also their personal efforts and dedication."[71]


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Subject rankings

According to the QS Subject Ranking, Charles University is among the 150 best universities in the world in geography and linguistics.[72]

QS Subjects[66] 2011 2018 2020 2023
Natural Sciences 174
Fall 197
Rise 228
Rise 161
Engineering & Technology 325
Fall 401–450
Same position 401–450
Same position 401–450
Arts & Humanities 184
Fall 193
Rise 189
Rise 143
Social Sciences & Management 229
Fall 302
Rise 286
Rise 258
Life Sciences & Medicine 250
Rise 219
Fall 224
Rise 177
Shanghai Subject Fields[73] 2012 2018
Mathematics 151–200
Same position 151–200
Physics 151–200
Rise 76–100

International cooperation

Charles University is a founding member of the 4EU+European University Alliance along with the University of Heidelberg, Sorbonne University and the University of Warsaw and a member of the Coimbra Group, the International Association of Universities and the International Forum of Public Universities.[74] It participates on Erasmus Programme and has numerous inter-university agreements with the universities around the world.[75] In Germany, Charles University cooperates, among others, with the Goethe University Frankfurt. Both cities are linked by a long-lasting partnership agreement.[76]

Notable faculty and alumni

Notable alumni

Undivided, before 1882 Czech University
(1882–1939 and 1945–present) 		German University
(1882–1945)


Notable academics

undivided before 1882 Czech University
(1882–1939 and 1945–present) 		German University
(1882–1945)

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Search". Internet Archive.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "Facts and figures（sourced from Annual Report 2016 and Annual Financial Report 2016)". Charles University. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
  3. ^ Joachim W. Stieber: "Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the secular and ecclesiastical authorities in the Empire: the conflict over supreme authority and power in the church", Studies in the history of Christian thought, Vol. 13, Brill, 1978, ISBN 90-04-05240-2, p.82; Gustav Stolper: "German Realities", Read Books, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-0839-9, p. 228; George Henry Danton: "Germany ten years after", Ayer Publishing, 1928, ISBN 0-8369-5693-1, p. 210; Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius: "The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present", Oxford Studies in Modern European History Series, Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-19-954631-2, p. 109; Levi Seeley: "History of Education", BiblioBazaar, ISBN 1-103-39196-8, p. 141
  4. ^ "30 of the Oldest Universities in the World". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث "University Infrastructure". Charles University (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  6. ^ Charles was since 11 July 1346 antiking of Romans, since 26 August 1346 king of Bohemia, since 17 June 1349 lawful king of Romans as Charles IV and from 5 April 1355 Holy Roman Emperor.
  7. ^ "Littera fundationis Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis" (in اللاتينية). 7 April 1348.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث Wikisource-logo.svg [[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/University of Prague "|University of Prague]"]. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check |url= value (help)
  9. ^ Chyský, Václav (March 2005). "Sedmdesátileté výročí insigniády z jiného pohledu". CS Magazin (in التشيكية). Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  10. ^ Prague; Universität, Bohemia (1834). Album, seu Matricula Facultatis juridicae, 1372–1418, e codice membranaceo illius aetatis nunc primum luce donatum: Codex diplomaticus universitatis ejusdem (in اللاتينية).
  11. ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters: "Prag. Universität", J.B. Metzler, Vol. 7, cols 163–164
  12. ^ "KOLÍN (Kalina) z CHOTĚŘINY Matouš (Mattheus Collinus a Choterina)". KDO BYL KDO v našich dějinách do roku 1918 (in التشيكية). Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
  13. ^ أ ب "Timeline of Charles University in Prague". Charles University. 12 June 2006.
  14. ^ Čapka, František (1999). "VII. Vláda Habsburků a protireformace". Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech (in التشيكية). Prague: Libri. ISBN 978-80-85983-67-8. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  15. ^ "History of Charles University". Charles University. 18 May 2004. Archived from the original (DOC) on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  16. ^ "František Pelcl" (in التشيكية). Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  17. ^ Čapka, František (1999). "VIII. Od osvícenského absolutismu k národnímu obrození". Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech (in التشيكية). Prague: Libri. ISBN 978-80-85983-67-8. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  18. ^ Čapka, František (1999). "X. Směřování k samostatnému státu". Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech (in التشيكية). Prague: Libri. ISBN 978-80-85983-67-8. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  19. ^ "Johannes Urzidil – život – chronologie" (in التشيكية). Společnost Johannese Urzidila. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  20. ^ "Národní shromáždění československé 1918–1920, 43. schůze, část 2/10". Společná česko-slovenská digitální parlamentní knihovna (in التشيكية). 8 April 1919.
  21. ^ "A brief history of the Protestant Theological Faculty of Charles University". Protestant Theological Faculty of Charles University. 12 March 2009.
  22. ^ "Národní shromáždění československé 1918–1920, 105. schůze, část ⅜". Společná česko-slovenská digitální parlamentní knihovna (in التشيكية). 1 January 1920.
  23. ^ "Registries of the German University in Prague". is.cuni.cz.
  24. ^ "History of Charles University". cuni.cz. Charles University in Prague. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
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References

Further reading

  • Chad Bryant: Prague in Black. Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism. Harvard Press
  • cs (František Kavka): The Caroline University of Prague. A short history
  • Peter Demetz: Prague in Black and Gold. Scenes from the Life of European City

External links

في معرفة المصادر أعمال أصلية عن: Charles University in Prague

قالب:4EU+ Alliance

قالب:Public universities in the Czech Republic


cz:Univerzita_Karlova

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