توماس پيكرنگ Thomas R. Pickering

توماس پيكرنگ
Thomas R. Pickering
ThomasRPickering.jpg
Portrait of Pickering
17th Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
في المنصب
May 27, 1997 – December 31, 2000
الرئيسBill Clinton
سبقهPeter Tarnoff
خلـَفهMarc Grossman
United States Ambassador to Russia
في المنصب
May 12, 1993 – November 1, 1996
الرئيسBill Clinton
سبقهRobert S. Strauss
خلـَفهJames F. Collins
United States Ambassador to India
في المنصب
April 6, 1992 – March 23, 1993
الرئيسGeorge H. W. Bush
بيل كلنتون
سبقهWilliam Clark
خلـَفهفرانك وايزنر
18th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
في المنصب
March 20, 1989 – May 7, 1992
الرئيسGeorge H. W. Bush
سبقهVernon A. Walters
خلـَفهEdward J. Perkins
United States Ambassador to Israel
في المنصب
August 6, 1985 – December 28, 1988
الرئيسRonald Reagan
سبقهSamuel W. Lewis
خلـَفهWilliam Andreas Brown
United States Ambassador to El Salvador
في المنصب
September 5, 1983 – June 7, 1985
الرئيسRonald Reagan
سبقهDeane R. Hinton
خلـَفهEdwin G. Corr
United States Ambassador to Nigeria
في المنصب
November 30, 1981 – July 9, 1983
الرئيسRonald Reagan
سبقهStephen Low
خلـَفهThomas W. M. Smith
4th Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
في المنصب
October 10, 1978 – February 24, 1981
الرئيسJimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
سبقهPatsy Mink
خلـَفهJames Malone
United States Ambassador to Jordan
في المنصب
March 2, 1974 – July 13, 1978
الرئيسRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
سبقهL. Dean Brown
خلـَفهNicholas A. Veliotes
5th Executive Secretary of the Department of State
في المنصب
July 30, 1973 – January 31, 1974
الرئيسRichard Nixon
سبقهTheodore L. Eliot Jr.
خلـَفهGeorge Springsteen
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
Thomas Reeve Pickering

5 نوفمبر 1931 (العمر 93 سنة)
Orange, New Jersey, U.S.
الزوج
Alice Stover
​
​
(m. 1955; died 2011)​
الأنجال2
التعليمBowdoin College (BA)
Tufts University (MA)
University of Melbourne (MA)

Thomas Reeve Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.

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Early life and education

Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. Raised in Rutherford, New Jersey, he graduated from Rutherford High School.[1][2]

He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry[3] and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.[4]

Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959,[5] and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander.[6]


Diplomatic career

Pickering's four-decade-long career in Foreign Service included ambassadorships in Russia (1993–1996); India (1992–1993); to the United Nations (1989–1992); Israel (1985–1988); El Salvador (1983–1985); Nigeria (1981–1983); and Jordan (1974–1978). Additionally, he served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1997 to 2000. He holds the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest in the U.S. Foreign Service.[7][8]

Early career

Early in his career, he was assigned to the U.S. embassy in Tanzania and later was special assistant to secretaries of state William P. Rogers and Henry Kissinger. When Pickering served as United States Ambassador to Jordan in the mid-1970s, King Hussein declared him "the best American ambassador I've dealt with."[9] From 1978 to 1981, he served as Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. He then spent time as the United States Ambassador to Nigeria before President Ronald Reagan surprisingly replaced the ambassador to El Salvador, Deane R. Hinton, and put Pickering in his place.[10]

Pickering's time as United States Ambassador to El Salvador was particularly eventful. Only a year after having been appointed ambassador in 1984, Pickering was the subject of assassination threats from right-wing Salvadoran politicians.[9] The same year, Republican senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina urged that Pickering be dismissed, arguing that he helped manipulate the country's elections.[11] In both cases, President Ronald Reagan offered Pickering his full support and he secured him a job as United States Ambassador to Israel after his appointment in El Salvador. It was later noted when Pickering was nominated as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations that he played a minor role in the Iran–Contra affair while ambassador to El Salvador.[12]

As ambassador to Israel, Pickering led the United States' criticism of an Israeli policy that expelled Palestinians accused of instilling uprising.[13] Pickering stressed to Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir that the United States considered the actions illegal and unhelpful for peace efforts.[14]

United Nations and subsequent career

President George H. W. Bush's appointment of Pickering as United States Ambassador to the United Nations was approved almost unanimously in the United States Senate in 1989 with no dissensions and only one abstention.[15] Pickering played a critical role as Ambassador during the First Gulf War, when he helped lead the United Nations Security Council's response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.[16] Bush's decision to move Pickering from the United Nations to become the United States Ambassador to India was highly criticized given Pickering's successful tenure. The New York Times declared that Pickering was "arguably the best-ever U.S. representative to that body" [17] and that the move was made simply because he overshadowed Secretary of State James A. Baker during the Persian Gulf Crisis.[18] Pickering's last ambassadorial appointment was made by President Bill Clinton who designated him United States Ambassador to Russia.

In December 1994, while serving as U.S. Ambassador to Russia, he wrote that "hostility to early NATO expansion is almost universally felt across the domestic political spectrum here."[19] Although the quote would erroneously be described as coming from William J. Burns,[20][21][22] who was serving as counselor for political affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow at the time, Burns did not claim ownership of the cable, only saying, in his memoir, that "we reported [it] just after the Budapest outburst."[23]

Following the resignation of Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1996, Pickering was reportedly a top contender for the post, but was ultimately passed over in favor of then-UN Ambassador Madeleine Albright.[24]

From 1997 to 2001, Pickering served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, the number-three position at the State Department. When Albright appointed him to the post, Time magazine declared him the "five star general of the diplomatic corps".[25] In 1998, he was a special envoy to Nigeria and was meeting with imprisoned leader M. K. O. Abiola on the day of his release. In a BBC interview made at the time, Pickering recounted how during the meeting Abiola became ill, and died soon after.[26]

بعد وزارة الخارجية

Following his retirement from the Foreign Service in 2001, Pickering served as Senior Vice President for International Relations at Boeing until 2006. Currently[when?], he is serving as an independent board member at the world's biggest pipe company, OAO TMK, in Moscow. At present[when?], he is affiliated with the International Crisis Group and currently serves as its Co-Chair,[27] and oversees their international actions as co-chair. In addition, he is Chairman of the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress, Chairman of the Board of Advisers of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy,[28] Chairman of the American Academy of Diplomacy, Chairman of the Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation,[29] and a member of the Board of Advisors of the National Bureau of Asian Research and the Global Panel Foundation based in Berlin, Prague and Sydney.[30]

Pickering in 2014

Following his retirement, the U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Fellowship Program was renamed the Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship Program to honor Pickering. Fellowships are funded by the U.S. Department of State and administered by The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars.[31] In May 2004, Bowdoin awarded Pickering the Bowdoin Prize, the highest award that the College bestows upon its graduates.[32]

Secretary Condoleezza Rice with (left to right): Tom Pickering, John Engler and John Breaux at the presentation of Final Report of the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Transformational Diplomacy

Pickering serves on the board of directors for CRDF Global and the American Iranian Council, an organization devoted to the normalization of relations between Iran and America.[33] He is currently a member of the Constitution Project's bipartisan Liberty and Security Committee.[34] He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Henry L. Stimson Center board of directors as well as the advisory board of Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy firm, and America Abroad Media.[35] He serves on the Guiding Coalition of the nonpartisan Project on National Security Reform. Pickering also serves as an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America.

Pickering in August 2022

Pickering also serves as Co-Chairman of the International Economic Alliance (IEA),[36] where he actively hosts and partakes in international forums attended by notable corporate leaders, ambassadors, and senior government officials from member nations of the Alliance.

Pickering is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation, and promote good governance. He is also a board member of the National Iranian American Council (NIAC).[37]

In 2012, along with former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, Pickering helped lead a State-Department-sponsored panel investigating the Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi.[38]

In 2014, Pickering gave the keynote speech at the Student Conference on U.S. Affairs at West Point, New York, addressing the unique challenges that disaster preparedness poses to United States foreign policy planning.[39]

Personal life

Pickering lives in Fairfax County, Virginia. His wife, the former Alice Jean Stover, whom he married in 1955, died in 2011. The couple had two children, Timothy and Margaret.[40]

Pickering is fluent in French, Spanish, and Swahili, and has a working knowledge of Russian, Hebrew, and Arabic.[41]

Honors and awards

In 2002, Pickering was presented the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award by the American Foreign Service Association.

In May 2015, Pickering received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brandeis University. He addressed the graduates as the commencement speaker.[42]

References

  1. ^ "About Rutherford High School". Rutherford High School. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007. Career diplomat and ambassador Thomas H. Pickering and presidential speechwriter Peggy Noonan are among those honored as part of this tradition.
  2. ^ "Department of State Nomination of Thomas R. Pickering To Be Assistant Secretary for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.", The American Presidency Project, September 11, 1978. Accessed March 26, 2024. "The President today announced that he will nominate Thomas R. Pickering, of Rutherford, N.J., to be Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs."
  3. ^ "Ambassador Tom Pickering Lecture Introduction". Bowdoin College (Office of the President). Archived from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  4. ^ "Ambassador Thomas Pickering '53 Wins Bowdoin Prize". Bowdoin College Campus News. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  5. ^ "Biography: Thomas Pickering". United States State Department Web Site. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  6. ^ "The American Academy of Diplomacy- Pickering". The American Academy of Diplomacy Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  7. ^ "Thomas R. Pickering". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  8. ^ "The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR THOMAS REEVE PICKERING" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 18 April 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  9. ^ أ ب Mohr, Charles (1988-12-07). "Bush's Selections for the United Nations, the C.I.A. and Top Economic Posts; Thomas Reeve Pickering, U.S. Representative to the United Nations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  10. ^ Isaacson, Walter; Wierzynski, Gregory H. (1983-08-08). "Disappearing Act at Foggy Botton". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  11. ^ "Taking Sides?". Time. 1984-05-14. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  12. ^ "Bush's Choice for U.N. Carried Contra Appeal". The New York Times. 1988-12-08. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  13. ^ Brinkley, Joel (1988-08-25). "U.S. Criticism Sets Off Furor In Israel". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  14. ^ "Middle East Trials and Errors". Time. 1988-01-11. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  15. ^ "Senate Backs U.N. Delegate". The New York Times. 1989-03-08. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  16. ^ Lewis, Paul (1990-11-10). "MIDEAST TENSIONS; U.S. Envoy to U.N. on Center Stage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  17. ^ Gelb, Leslie H. (1992-02-03). "Foreign Affairs; End U.S. Dipbaloney". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  18. ^ Gelb, Leslie H. (1992-02-03). "Jan 24-30: A Quick Study; A Diplomat's Diplomat Goes to Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  19. ^ Pickering, Thomas (December 6, 1994). "[Ambassador Pickering Cable to Secretary of State: Russia and NATO]". National Security Archive. U.S. State Department. p. 2.
  20. ^ "Ukraine war follows decades of warnings that NATO expansion into Eastern Europe could provoke Russia". The Conversation. February 28, 2022.
  21. ^ 168 Cong. Rec S632-S636 (February 10, 2022) (statement of Sen. Bernie Sanders).
  22. ^ Sakwa, Richard (2023). The Lost Peace: How the West Failed to Prevent a Second Cold War. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780300265613.
  23. ^ Burns, William J. (2019). The Back Channel: A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal. New York: Random House Publishing Group. p. 108. ISBN 9780525508861.
  24. ^ [1][dead link]
  25. ^ "The Many Lives of Madeleine". Time. 1997-02-17. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  26. ^ Turner, Martin (July 7, 1998). "Abiola's death - an eyewitness account". BBC News. Abuja. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  27. ^ International Crisis Group Annual Report 2014
  28. ^ "Board of Advisers". Georgetown University. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  29. ^ "Our Directors & Staff - Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation".
  30. ^ "Board of Advisors - About - The National Bureau of Asian Research". Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  31. ^ "The Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Scholarship". The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  32. ^ "Ambassador Thomas Pickering '53 Wins Bowdoin Prize". Bowdoin College Campus News. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  33. ^ "www.american-iranian.org". www.american-iranian.org. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  34. ^ "www.constitutionproject.org". www.constitutionproject.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  35. ^ "Thomas Pickering | AMERICA ABROAD MEDIA". Archived from the original on 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
  36. ^ "International Advisory Board – International Economic Alliance" (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  37. ^ "Staff and Board". NIAC. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  38. ^ Politics, NBC. "Chilly reception for McCain idea of special Benghazi panel".
  39. ^ Eastwood, Kathy (November 20, 2014). "Worst-case scenarios discussed at 66th SCUSA". United States Military Academy West Point. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016 – via www.westpoint.edu.
  40. ^ "Alice Pickering Obituary - Demaine Funeral Home - Alexandria VA".
  41. ^ "Ambassador Tom Pickering Lecture Introduction". Bowdoin College Office of the President. Archived from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  42. ^ "Former U.S. Ambassador Thomas Pickering to speak at commencement". BrandeisNOW (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-08-28.


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External links

مناصب حكومية
سبقه
Theodore L. Eliot Jr. 		Executive Secretary of the Department of State
1973–1974 		تبعه
George Springsteen
مناصب دبلوماسية
سبقه
L. Dean Brown 		United States Ambassador to Jordan
1974–1978 		تبعه
Nicholas A. Veliotes
سبقه
Stephen Low 		United States Ambassador to Nigeria
1981–1983 		تبعه
Thomas W. M. Smith
سبقه
Deane R. Hinton 		United States Ambassador to El Salvador
1983–1985 		تبعه
Edwin G. Corr
سبقه
Samuel W. Lewis 		United States Ambassador to Israel
1985–1988 		تبعه
William Andreas Brown
سبقه
Vernon A. Walters 		United States Ambassador to the United Nations
1989–1992 		تبعه
Edward J. Perkins
سبقه
William Clark 		United States Ambassador to India
1992–1993 		تبعه
Frank G. Wisner
سبقه
Robert S. Strauss 		United States Ambassador to Russia
1993–1996 		تبعه
James F. Collins
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Patsy Mink 		Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
1978–1981 		تبعه
James Malone
سبقه
Peter Tarnoff 		Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
1997–2000 		تبعه
Marc Grossman
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