پارشڤاناثا Parshvanatha

بارشفاناثا
23rd Jain Tirthankara
Parshvanatha
صورة الترثانكارا پارشڤاناثا (متحف ڤكتوريا وألبرت، القرن السادس أو السابع)
السابقنميناتا
التاليمهاڤيرا
الرمزثعبان
القامة9 cubits (13.5 feet) [1]
العمر100 years[2]
الشجرةAshok
اللونأخضر
معلومات شخصية
وُلِدح. 872 ق.م.[3]
ڤارناسي
توفيح. 772 ق.م.[3]
شيكارجي
الأبوان
  • أشڤاسـِنا (father)
  • ڤامادِڤي (mother)
الزوجپراباڤاتي[4]
الأسرةIkshvaku dynasty
جزء من سلسلة عن
الجاينية

Swastik4.svg

تاريخ الجاينية
خط زمني
المجالس الجاينية

الأسس
أهيمسا · موكشا · أستيا
براهماتشاريا · ساتيا
نرڤانا · أپاريگراها
أنكنتڤادا

المفاهيم الرئيسية
كِڤالـْگِنان · Cosmology
سمسرا · كارما
دارما · تناسخ الأرواح
Swadhyay

الشخصيات الرئيسية
الترثنكارات الأربعة وعشرون
لورد ريشاب إلى مهاڤيرا
Acharyas · Ganadhars
Siddhasen Divakar · Haribhadra

الممارسات وسبل البلوغ
المراحل الأربع من الاستنارة
Paramis · Meditation

الجاينية حول العالم
India · الغربية

مذاهب الجاينية
Svetambara · Digambara
Terapanthi · Early schools
Sthanakvasi · Bisapantha
Deravasi

نصوص
Navakar Mantra · Kalpasutra
Agama (text) · Tattvartha Sutra
Sanmatti Prakaran

دراسات مقارنة
ثقافة · قائمة مواضيع
بوابة: الجاينية

 ع • ن • ت

پارشڤاناثا (Pārśvanātha؛ إنگليزية: Parshvanatha)، ويُعرف أيضاً بإسم پارشڤا (Pārśva)، كان الترثانكارا الثالث والعشرين في الجاينية.[5][6] وهو أقدم زعيم جايني (872ح. 872) يوجد دليل معقول على تواجده التاريخي.[7][8]

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التاريخانية

الدليل الظرفي على وجوده يضم وصف لتعاليم پارشڤاناثا في أقاويل العرافين، يملي علينا أن پارشڤاناثا يمكن اعتباره شخصية تاريخية (وليست أسطورية).[9][2][10][11][12][13][14]


سيرته

وُلِد پارشڤاناثا في اليوم العاشر من النصف المظلم من شهر Paush to King Asvasena and Queen Vamadevi of Benaras (now Varanasi).[15][9][16] He belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty.[17][18] He assumed and began to practice the twelve basic vows of the adult Jain householder when he reached the age of eight.[19]

Parshvanatha lived as formal prince of Varanasi and at the age of thirty, he renounced the world to become a monk.[20] He meditated for eighty-four days before attaining Kevala Jnana.[21] وقد حقق الموكشا في عمر المائة فوق Shikharji,[9][16] which is known today as the Parasnath Hills after him. Parshvanatha was called purisādāṇīya (beloved of men), a name which shows that he must have been a genial personality.[17] He remains beloved among Jains.[22]

ميلاداته السابقة

  • Marubhuti - Visvabhuti, the prime minister of King Aravinda had two sons, elder one named Kamath and younger one named Marubhuti (Parshvanatha). Kamath killed Marubhuti and died as a criminal.[23]
  • Elephant - He was then reborn as an elephant in the forests of Vindyachal. His name was Vajraghosha (Thundering Voice of Lightening). Meanwhile, King Aravinda, after death of his minister Marubhuti, renounced his throne and was leading an ascetic life. When the elephant came near Aravinda, he recalled his previous human life by the blessings of Aravinda and became calm. Kamath was reborn as a serpent this time.[24] One day, when the elephant went to a river to quench his thirst, the serpent attacked him and he died the peaceful death of absolute renunciation.[25]
  • Sasi-prabha - Vajraghosha was reborn as Sasi-prabha (splendor of the moon) in the twelfth heaven and the serpent went to hell.[25]
  • Agnivega - After spending a luxurious life in heaven, he was reborn as prince Agnivega (strength of fire). He ascended the throne of his father which he later renounced to lead an ascetic life. Kamath was reborn as a serpent again after hell and again killed the ascetic in Himalayas during penance.[26]
  • When he was a prince he saved two snakes that had been trapped in a log in an Kamath’s fire. Later, the snakes were reborn as Dharnendra, the lord of the underworld kingdom of the nāgas, and Padmavati. Dharnendra and Padmavati sheltered Parshvanatha from a storm sent by a Meghmali (Kamath reborn).[27]

تعاليمه

نحت بارتفاع 5.5 متر لپارشڤاناثا في باسادي پارشڤاناثا في هالبيدو

According to the Kalpa Sūtra, Parshvanatha had 164,000 śrāvakas (male lay followers) and 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers) and 16,000 sādhus (monks) and 38,000 sādhvīs (nuns). He had eight ganadharas (chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas. After his death, the ganadhara Śubhadatta became the head of the monastic order. He was then succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and Keśī.[20]

Śvētāmbara texts explain that a sage named, Keśī was born about 166 to 250 years after the death of Parshvanatha met the Indrabhuti Gautama, the chief disciple of Mahavira and asked him twelve questions.[28] One of the question as mentioned in Śvētāmbara text was "The Law taught by the great sage Parsva, recognises but four vows, whilst that of Vardhamana enjoins five". Therefore, according to Śvētāmbara texts, Parshvanatha taught four vows instead of the presently famous five vows (mahavratas).[29] This view is however not accepted by the Digambaras. On this, Champat Rai Jain in his essay titled "The Origin of The Swetambara Sect" wrote:

The first question Kesi put to Gautam was why did Mahavira insist upon the observance of five vows when Parashvanath did not mention five but only four, excluding celibacy? But the question would have had a point if it could be shown that salvation could be obtained without the observance of celibacy. So far as I understand Swetambara books themselves insist upon an observance of this vow, and it is not possible that two omniscient teachers, i. e., Parashvanath and Mahavira could teach different things.

— Champat Rai Jain[30]

في الأدب

Acharya Jinasena's Mahapurāṇa include Ādi purāṇa and Uttara-purāṇa. It was completed by Acharya Gunabhadra, the disciple of Jinasena in the 8th century C.E. In Ādi purāṇa, life events of Rishabhanatha, Bahubali and Bharata are detailed out.[31]

Kalpa Sūtra is biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira.

Guru Gobind Singh has penned life history of Parshvanatha in a composition called the Paranath Avtar, which is included in the Dasam Granth.[32]

الأيقونات

Parshvanath is the most popular object of Jain devotion. He is closely associated with compassion, although he is free from the world of rebirth like all Tirthankaras and therefore unable to aid his devotees personally.[33][صفحة مطلوبة]

المعابد

الأصنام

التماثيل العملاقة

انظر أيضاً

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع بارشفاناثا.

الهامش

  1. ^ Sarasvati 1970, p. 444.
  2. ^ أ ب Sangave 2001, p. 128.
  3. ^ أ ب Dundas 2002, pp. 30–31.
  4. ^ Parshvanath-the 23rd tirthankar, http://www.indianscriptures.com/gods/jain-tirthankars/parshvanath-the-23rd-tirthankar 
  5. ^ Fisher 1997, p. 115.
  6. ^ Sanghvi, Vir, Rude Travel: Down The Sages, http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx 
  7. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
  8. ^ Sangave 2001, p. 103.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Dundas 2002, p. 30.
  10. ^ Charpentier 1922, p. 153.
  11. ^ Ghatage 1951, p. 411-412.
  12. ^ Deo 1956, pp. 59–60.
  13. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 182-183.
  14. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 220.
  15. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 184.
  16. ^ أ ب Sangave 2001, p. 104.
  17. ^ أ ب Ghatage 1951, p. 411.
  18. ^ Deo 1956, p. 60.
  19. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 196.
  20. ^ أ ب von Glasenapp 1999, pp. 24–28.
  21. ^ Danielou 1971, p. 376.
  22. ^ Schubring 1964, p. 220.
  23. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 186-187.
  24. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 189.
  25. ^ أ ب Zimmer 1953, p. 190.
  26. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 191.
  27. ^ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  28. ^ von Glasenapp 1999, p. 35.
  29. ^ Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000). A Comprehensive History of Jainism. ISBN 9788121509312.
  30. ^ Champat Rai Jain. The Change of Heart. p. 102–103.
  31. ^ Upadhye, Dr. A. N. (2000). Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 46.
  32. ^ Dasam Granth, S.S. Kapoor, Page 17
  33. ^ Bowker 1997.


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المراجع

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