ايمانويل لاسكر

Emanuel Lasker
الاسم الكامل	Emanuel Lasker
البلد	ألمانيا
وُلِد	December 24, 1868 Berlinchen, پروسيا (الآن بارلينك، پولندا)
توفي	11 يناير 1941 (عن عمر 72) مدينة نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
بطولة العالم	1894–1921

'إمانويل لاسكر Emanuel Lasker ‏(24 ديسمبر 1868 – 11 يناير 1941) هو عالم رياضيات ولاعب شطرنج ألماني.

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 حياته

ولد ايمانويل لاسكر في 24 ديسمبر 1868 في برلينشر مدينة صغيرة بألمانيا ، أبوه وزير الثقافة . تعلم لاسكر اللعبة مع أخيه برتولد، كان لاسكر يتردد على المقاهي التي تنظم مباريات في الشطرنج ، حيث فاز بأول دوري مفتوح الذي نظمه المقهى كايزرهوف، وذلك في سنة 1888 - 1889، في برسلاو . في سنة 1890 فاز بعدة لقاءات في ألمانيا وإنگلترة ، حيث أكد أنه، إلى جانب طاراش, المنافس الوحيد لستاينتز على اللقب العالمي استطاع ان سيسيطر على العالم 27 سنه دون ان يتغلب عليه احد وهو اكثر لاعب حقق القب العالمي و ألف كتاب عن الشطرنج اسماه الستين ثانيه بطريقته التي يتغلب على المنافسين بستين ثانية.

 عمالقة الشطرنج

• الكسندر اليخين
• بوبي فيشر
• كابابلانكا
• ايمانويل لاسكر
• كاربوف
• ادولف اندرسن
• بول شارل مورفي
• وليام ستاينتز
• فلاديمير كرامنيك
• بوريس سباسكى
• تيجران بتروسيان
• بول كيريس
• ميخائيل بوتفنيك

 نتائج المسابقات

The following table gives Lasker's placings and scores in tournaments. The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

Date	Location	Place	Score		Notes
1888/89	Berlin (Café Kaiserhof)	1st	20/20	+20 −0 =0
1889	Breslau "B"	1st =	12/15	+11 −2 =2	Tied with von Feyerfeil and won the play-off. This was Hauptturnier A of the sixth DSB Congress, i.e. the "second-division" tournament.
1889	Amsterdam "A" tournament	2nd	6/8	+5 −1 =2	Behind Amos Burn; ahead of James Mason, Isidor Gunsberg and others. This was the stronger of the two Amsterdam tournaments held at that time.
1890	Berlin	1–2	6½/8	+6 −1 =1	Tied with his brother Berthold Lasker.
1890	Graz	3rd	4/6	+3 −1 =2	Behind Gyula Makovetz and Johann Hermann Bauer.
1892	London	1st	9/11	+8 −1 =2	Ahead of Mason and Rudolf Loman.
1892	London	1st	6½/8	+5 −0 =3	Ahead of Joseph Henry Blackburne, Mason, Gunsberg and Henry Edward Bird.
1893	New York City	1st	13/13	+13 −0 =0	Ahead of Adolf Albin, Jackson Showalter and a newcomer called Harry Nelson Pillsbury.
1895	Hastings	3rd	15½/21	+14 −4 =3	Behind Pillsbury and Mikhail Chigorin; ahead of Siegbert Tarrasch, Wilhelm Steinitz and the rest of a strong field.
1895/96	St. Petersburg	1st	11½/18	+8 −3 =7	A Quadrangular tournament; ahead of Steinitz (by two points), Pillsbury and Chigorin.
1896	Nuremberg	1st	13½/18	+12 −3 =3	Ahead of Géza Maróczy, Pillsbury, Tarrasch, Dawid Janowski, Steinitz and the rest of a strong field.
1899	London	1st	23½/28	+20 −1 =7	Ahead of Janowski, Pillsbury, Maróczy, Carl Schlechter, Blackburne, Chigorin and several other strong players.
1900	Paris	1st	14½/16	+14 −1 =1	Ahead of Pillsbury (by two points), Frank James Marshall, Maróczy, Burn, Chigorin and several others.
1904	Cambridge Springs	2nd =	11/15	+9 −2 =4	Tied with Janowski; two points behind Marshall; ahead of Georg Marco, Showalter, Schlechter, Chigorin, Jacques Mieses, Pillsbury and others.
1906	Trenton Falls	1st	5/6	+4 −0 =2	A Quadrangular tournament; ahead of Curt, Albert Fox and Raubitschek.
1909	St. Petersburg	1st =	14½/18	+13 −2 =3	Tied with Akiba Rubinstein; ahead of Oldřich Duras and Rudolf Spielmann (by 3½ points), Ossip Bernstein, Richard Teichmann and several other strong players.
1914	St. Petersburg	1st	13½/18	+10 −1 =7	Ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall. This tournament had an unusual structure: there was a preliminary tournament in which eleven players played each other player once; the top five players then played a separate final tournament in which each player who made the "cut" played the other finalists twice; but their scores from the preliminary tournament were carried forward. Even the preliminary tournament would now be considered a "super-tournament". Capablanca "won" the preliminary tournament by 1½ points without losing a game, but Lasker achieved a plus score against all his opponents in the final tournament and finished with a combined score ½ point ahead of Capablanca's.
1918	Berlin	1st	4½/6	+3 −0 =3	Quadrangular tournament. Ahead of Rubinstein, Schlechter and Tarrasch.
1923	Moravská Ostrava	1st	10½/13	+8 −0 =5	Ahead of Richard Réti, Ernst Grünfeld, Alexey Selezniev, Savielly Tartakower, Max Euwe and other strong players.
1924	New York City	1st	16/20	+13 −1 =6	Ahead of Capablanca (by 1½ points), Alekhine, Marshall, and the rest of a very strong field.
1925	Moscow	2nd	14/20	+10 −2 =8	Behind Efim Bogoljubow; ahead of Capablanca, Marshall, Tartakower, Carlos Torre, other strong non-Soviet players and the leading Soviet players.
1934	Zürich	5th	10/15	+9 −4 =2	Behind Alekhine, Euwe, Salo Flohr and Bogoljubow; ahead of Bernstein, Aron Nimzowitsch, Gideon Ståhlberg and various others.
1935	Moscow	3rd	12½/19	+6 −0 =13	half a point behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Flohr; ahead of Capablanca, Spielmann, Ilya Kan, Grigory Levenfish, Andor Lilienthal, Viacheslav Ragozin and others. Emanuel Lasker was about 67 years old at the time.
1936	Moscow	6th	8/18	+3 −5 =10	Capablanca won.
1936	Nottingham	7–8th	8½/14	+6 −3 =5	Capablanca and Botvinnik tied for first place.

 نتائج المباريات

Here are Lasker's results in matches. The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

Date	Opponent	Result	Location	Score		Notes
1889	E.R. von Feyerfeil	Won	Breslau	1−0	+1 −0 =0	Play-off match
1889/90	Curt von Bardeleben	Won	Berlin	2½−1½	+2 −1 =1
1889/90	Jacques Mieses	Won	Leipzig	6½−1½	+5 −0 =3
1890	Berthold Lasker	Drew	Berlin	½−½	+0 −0 =1	Play-off match
1890	Henry Edward Bird	Won	Liverpool	8½−3½	+7 −2 =3
1890	N.T. Miniati	Won	Manchester	4−1	+3 −0 =2
1890	Berthold Englisch	Won	Vienna	3½−1½	+2 −0 =3
1891	Francis Joseph Lee	Won	London	1½−½	+1 −0 =1
1892	Joseph Henry Blackburne	Won	London	8−2	+6 −0 =4
1892	Bird	Won	Newcastle upon Tyne	5−0	+5 −0 =0
1892/93	Jackson Showalter	Won	Logansport and Kokomo, Indiana	7−3	+6 −2 =2
1893	Celso Golmayo Zúpide	Won	Havana	2½−½	+2 −0 =1
1893	Andrés Clemente Vázquez	Won	Havana	3−0	+3 −0 =0
1893	A. Ponce	Won	Havana	2−0	+2 −0 =0
1893	Alfred Ettlinger	Won	New York City	5−0	+5 −0 =0
1894	Wilhelm Steinitz	Won	New York, Philadelphia, Montreal	12−7	+10 −5 =4	World Championship match
1896/97	Steinitz	Won	Moscow	12½−4½	+10 −2 =5	World Championship match
1901	Dawid Janowski	Won	Manchester	1½−½	+1 −0 =1
1903	Mikhail Chigorin	Lost	Brighton	2½−3½	+1 −2 =3	Rice Gambit match
1907	Frank James Marshall	Won	New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, Memphis	11½−3½	+8 −0 =7	World Championship match
1908	Siegbert Tarrasch	Won	Düsseldorf, Munich	10½−5½	+8 −3 =5	World Championship match
1908	Abraham Speijer	Won	Amsterdam	2½−½	+2 −0 =1
1909	Janowski	Drew	Paris	2−2	+2 −2 =0	Exhibition match
1909	Janowski	Won	Paris	8−2	+7 −1 =2
1910	Carl Schlechter	Drew	Vienna−Berlin	5−5	+1 −1 =8	World Championship match
1910	Janowski	Won	Berlin	9½−1½	+8 −0 =3	World Championship match
1914	Ossip Bernstein	Drew	Moscow	1−1	+1 −1 =0	Exhibition match
1916	Tarrasch	Won	Berlin	5½−½	+5 −0 =1
1921	José Raúl Capablanca	Lost	Havana	5−9	+0 −4 =10	lost World Championship
1940	Frank James Marshall	Lost	New York	½−1½	+0 −1 =1	exhibition match

 انظر أيضاً

• List of mathematicians who studied chess

 للاستزادة

• Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 143–162. ISBN 0-486-28674-6.
• Hannak, J. (1952, reprinted by Dover, 1991). Emanuel Lasker: The Life of a Chess Master. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-26706-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
• Kasparov, Garry (2003). My Great Predecessors, part I. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
• Soltis, Andrew (2005). Why Lasker Matters. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8983-9.
• Whyld, Ken (1998). The Collected Games of Emanuel Lasker. The Chess Player.
• Winter, Edward (1981). World chess champions. Oxford. ISBN 0-08-024094-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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 وصلات خارجية

• "Emanuel Lasker Society". Lasker-gesellschaft.de.
• قالب:Chessgames player
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "ايمانويل لاسكر", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• ايمانويل لاسكر at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• "About Lasca – a little-known abstract game". Human–Computer Interface Research.
• Hans Kmoch. "Grandmasters I have known" (PDF). ChessCafe.com.
• Tryfon Gavriel, Janet Edwardson. "Biography of Emanuel Lasker". Barnet chess club.
• "Lasker's Chess Magazine, January 1905 edition, excerpts". 100bestwebsites.org.
• Jacobs, Joseph; Porter, A. (1901–1906). "Lasker, Emanuel". In Singer, Isidore (ed.). Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. pp. 622–3. Retrieved 2008-11-21.

إنجـازات
سبقه Wilhelm Steinitz	World Chess Champion 1894–1921	تبعه José Raúl Capablanca