الهند المعتمدة على نفسها

أتمانيربار بهارات (Atmanirbhar Bharat ؛ (دڤانگري: आत्मनिर्भर भारत، ISO: Ātmanirbhara Bhārata) التي تُترجَم إلى الهند المعتمدة على نفسها، هي عبارة مستخدمة وشائعة من قبل رئيس وزراء الهند نارندرا مودي وحكومة الهند فيما يتعلق بالرؤية الاقتصادية والتنمية الاقتصادية في البلاد. وفي هذا السياق، يُستخدم المصطلح باعتباره مفهوماً شاملاً فيما يتعلق بجعل الهند جزءاً أكبر وأكثر انخراطاً في الاقتصاد العالمي، واتباع سياسات تتسم بالكفاءة والتنافسية والمرونة، التي تشجع على التملك، والاكتفاء الذاتي والتوليد الذاتي.

The english phrase has been used by Modi since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular mention in hindi came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of India's COVID–19 pandemic related economic package in 2020. Since then phrase has been used across ministries such as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in relation to press releases, statements and policies. The phrase has also been used by the government in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India. The concept under the premiership of Narendra Modi has been adapted from previous explanations and usages of the concept in the Indian sub-continent.

The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. Self-reliance as a phrase and concept has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple Five-Year Plans of India between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted that India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since the day it was created. Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India encompassing sectors such as beverages, the automotive sector, cooperatives, the financial services and banking sector and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector.

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 التاريخ

 الاعتماد على الذات والحكم الذاتي السياسي

The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of Nai Talim.

M. S. Swaminathan's efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan.

 قطاع الدفاع

Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres

Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight DASH-IV from Elbit Systems

Indigenous HAL Tejas, a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.

PM's statement following nuclear tests, 1998

In 1947... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.

Statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament, 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May,

ڤيديو خارجي

PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) at YouTube

 انظر أيضاً

• Swadeshi movement
• Make in India
• Autarky
• Human capital flight
• Juche
• Import substitution industrialization

 المراجع والملاحظات

ملاحظات

المراجع

ببليوگرافيا

• Nehru, Jawaharlal (1994) [1946 by The Signet Press, Calcutta]. The Discovery of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.
• Jalan, Bimal (1972). "A Policy Frame for Self-Reliance". Economic and Political Weekly. 7 (15): 757–762. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4361226 – via JSTOR.
• Tendulkar, Suresh D. (1974). "Planning for Growth, Redistribution and Self-Reliance in the Fifth Five-Year Plan-I". Economic and Political Weekly. 9 (1/2): 27–40. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4363346 – via JSTOR.
• Baru, Sanjaya (1983). "Self-Reliance to Dependence in Indian Economic Development". Social Scientist. 11 (11): 34–46. doi:10.2307/3517074. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3517074 – via JSTOR.
• Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992). "Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-41: India at the Crossroads". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (2): 275–287. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00009781. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312676 – via JSTOR.
• Biswas, A. K. (1995). "Paradox of Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905)". Social Scientist. 23 (4/6): 38–57. doi:10.2307/3520214. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520214 – via JSTOR.
• Behera, Laxman Kumar (July 2013). Indian Defence Industry: Issues of Self-Reliance (PDF). IDSA Monograph Series No. 21. Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses. ISBN 978-93-82169-21-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2021.
• Singh, Bikramdeep (Winter 2013). "Defence Indigenisation: Made in India, by India, for India" (PDF). CLAWS Journal: 248–258.
• Alam, Asraful; Khan, Amir; Ghosal, Nilanjana; Satpati, Lakshminarayan (18 July 2021). "A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of India under COVID-19 scenario". Journal of Public Affairs (in الإنجليزية). 21 (4): e2725. doi:10.1002/pa.2725. ISSN 1479-1854. PMC 8420201. PMID 34512186.
• Joshi, Shareen; Muchhal, Siddharth; Brennan, Connor; Pradhan, Ria; Yang, Joyce (February 2021), "Atman Nirbhar Bharat" - Economic Crises and Self-Reliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic, Center for International Relations, https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf 
• Sarukkai, Sundar (September 2021). "Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self?". Journal of Social and Economic Development (in الإنجليزية) (published 2 November 2020). 23 (S2): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z. ISSN 0972-5792. PMC 7605322. PMID 34720471.

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 للاستزادة

• Agarwal, Shriman Narayan (1944), The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India, Foreword by Mahatma Gandhi, Bombay: Padma Publications 
• Banerjee, B N; Parikh, G D; Tarkunde, V M (1944), Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India, Members of the post-war reconstruction committee of the Indian Federation of Labour, Bombay: Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi 

 الخطب

• Batabyal, Rakesh, ed. (2007). "Economy and Development. Somnath Chatterjee. Surrendering Self-reliance". The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches. 1877 to the Present. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 603–611. ISBN 9780143102632. ...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...
• Reddy, Y. V.. "Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined" Chennai (13 July 2000).
• Gandhi, Rajiv (28 December 1985). "Inaugural Speech by Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve". India Today.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul. "Evolution of Vision" (21 February 2007).

 الكتب

• Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India. 1980. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
• Mohanty, Prasanna (2021). "6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back". An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy (in الإنجليزية). SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5479-189-5.

 الدوريات

• Sharma, Krishna Nath (1967). "Self-Reliance and Aid: No Positive Relation". Economic and Political Weekly. 2 (50): 2209–2211. JSTOR 24478316 – via JSTOR.
• Gosalia, Sushila (1979). "The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy". Intereconomics (in الإنجليزية). 14 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1007/BF02930202. hdl:10419/139599. ISSN 0020-5346. S2CID 56358907.
• Kelkar, Vijay Laxman (February 1980). "India and World Economy: Search for Self-Reliance". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (5/7): 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257–258. JSTOR 4368372 – via JSTOR.
• Mehrotra, N. N. (22 August 1987). "Indian Patents Act, Paris Convention and Self-Reliance". Economic and Political Weekly. 22 (34): 1461–1465. JSTOR 4377407 – via JSTOR.
• Valluri, S. R. (3 April 1993). "CSIR and Technological Self-Reliance". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (14): 565–568. JSTOR 4399551 – via JSTOR.
• Dedrick, Jason; Kraemer, Kenneth L. (May 1993). "Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance" (PDF). Asian Survey. XXXIII (5): 463–492. doi:10.2307/2645313. JSTOR 2645313.
• Srinivas, M N; Shah, A M (10 September 1960). "The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of the Indian Village" (PDF). The Economic Weekly: 1375–1378.

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 الأخبار

• Sharma, Shantanu Nandan (28 February 2021). "Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years". The Economic Times.
• Weinraub, Bernard (1991-06-29). "Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
• Panag, Lt Gen (Retd) H. S. (2021-06-03). "'Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready". ThePrint.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• PTI (2 June 2020). PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. Bloomberg Quint.
• Jagran (2 June 2020). PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'. Jagran English.
• Ajoy Kumar (31 May 2020). Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government. Outlook India.
• "Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative". www.pib.gov.in. NITI Aayog. 9 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

 مراكز التفكر

• Behera, Laxman Kumar (10 August 2020), Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology, Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/idsacomments/atma-nirbhar-in-defence-technology-lkbehera-100820 
• Mohanty, Aayush (February 2021), Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat, Vivekananda International Foundation, https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Reforms-for-Atmanirbhar-Bharat.pdf 
• Bhattacharji, Chetan (July 2020), Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change, ORF, https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-Issue-rief-375-Revival-Package.pdf 
• Singh, Angad (3 June 2021). "The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list". ORF.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

 وصلات خارجية

• Ministry of Finance (13/05/2020 to 17/05/2020). Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5 (Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs, Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers, Part-3: Agriculture, Part-4: New Horizons of Growth, Part-5: Government Reforms and Enablers)
• AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. MyGov.in