اللغة الصربو-كرواتية

الصربو-كرواتية
الصربو-كرواتية
Serbian; Croatian; Bosnian; Montenegrin;
srpskohrvatski / hrvatskosrpski; српскохрватски / хрватскосрпски;
موطنها	Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo
العرق	Bosniaks; Croats; Montenegrins; Serbs
الناطقون الأصليون	21 million (2011)
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic الصربو-كرواتية; ; ; ; ;
الصيغ الفصحى	Serbian; Croatian; Bosnian; Montenegrin;
اللهجات	Dialects of Serbo-Croatian:; Shtokavian (standard); Bunjevac; Slavomolisano; Torlakian; Čakavian; Kajkavian;
نظام الكتابة	Latin (Gaj); Cyrillic (Serbian and Montenegrin); Yugoslav Braille;
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	صربيا (as Serbian); كرواتيا (as Croatian); البوسنة والهرسك (as Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian); الجبل الأسود; (as Montenegrin); كوسوڤو (as Serbian); الاتحاد الأوروپي; (as Croatian);
لغة أقلية ; معترف بها في	النمسا (Burgenland); المجر[بحاجة لمصدر]; إيطاليا (Molise); رومانيا (in Carașova, Lupac)[بحاجة لمصدر]; سلوڤاكيا; التشيك; شمال مقدونيا;
ينظمها	Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Croatian); Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Serbian); Language Institute at University of Sarajevo (Bosnian); Faculty for Montenegrin language and literature, formerly Institute for Montenegrin language and literature (Montenegrin);
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	hbs – inclusive code; Individual codes:; bos – Bosnian; cnr – Montenegrin; hrv – Croatian; srp – Serbian; svm – Slavomolisano
Glottolog	sout1528
Linguasphere	53-AAA-g
	Areas where Serbo-Croatian is spoken by a plurality of inhabitants (as of 2005)[needs update]; Note: a Kosovo independence disputed, see 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Serbo-Croatian ( /ˌsɜːrboʊkroʊˈeɪʃən/)^[8]^[9] – also called Serbo-Croat ( /ˌsɜːrboʊˈkroʊæt/),^[8]^[9] Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB),^[10] Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS),^[11] and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS)^[12] – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is a pluricentric language with four^[13] mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin.^[14]^[15]

South Slavic languages historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread dialect in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic" in general or "Serbian", "Croatian" or "Bosnian" in particular. In a classicizing manner, it was also referred to as "Illyrian".

The process of linguistic standardization of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established.^[16] From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"),^[17] and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated along ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard.

Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

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انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

^ ^أ ^ب Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

المراجع

الهامش

^ "The Slavic Languages" (PDF). Cambridge Language Surveys. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ "Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
^ http://www.brg-lienz.tsn.at/events/.../minorities/.../austrian%20minorities%20legislation.doc^{[dead link]}
^ "Legge Regionale n.15 del 14 maggio 1997 - Tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche nel Molise - Bollettino Ufficiale n. 10 del 16.5.1997" (PDF). Sardegna Cultura. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "B92.net". B92.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
^ "Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ ^أ ^ب Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
^ ^أ ^ب Jones, Daniel (2003), Peter Roach, ed., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
^ Čamdžić, Amela; Hudson, Richard (2007). "Serbo-Croat-Bosnian clitics and Word Grammar" (PDF). Research in Language. UCL Psychology and Language Sciences. doi:10.2478/v10015-007-0001-7. hdl:11089/9540. S2CID 54645947. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
^ Alexander 2006, p. XVII.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ThomasOsipov
^ Mørk, Henning (2002). Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi [Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology]. Arbejdspapirer ; vol. 1 (in الدانمركية). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). OCLC 471591123.
^ Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206, 166. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965. Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
^ "Is Serbo-Croatian a language?". The Economist. 10 April 2017.
^ Blum 2002, pp. 130–132.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Busch2004

المصادر

Alexander, Ronelle (2006). Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299211936.
Alexander, Ronelle (2013). "Language and Identity: The Fate of Serbo-Croatian". Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 1. Leiden, South Holland; Boston, MA: Brill. pp. 341–417. ISBN 9789004250765.
Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten [German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties] (in الألمانية). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 575. OCLC 33981055.
Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung (in الألمانية). Vol. 192. Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-89913-253-3. OCLC 51961066.
Brown, Edward Keith; Anderson, Anne, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. OCLC 3945869.
Bugarski, Ranko; Hawkesworth, Celia, eds. (2006). Language in the Former Yugoslav Lands. Bloomington: Slavica Publishers. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-89357-298-3. OCLC 52858529.
Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191514555.
Greenberg, Robert D. (2008). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration (2nd updated ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199208753.
Gröschel, Bernhard (2003). "Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen – Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?" [Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?]. Srpski Jezik (in الألمانية). 8 (1–2): 135–196. ISSN 0354-9259. Retrieved 18 May 2015. (COBISS-Sr).
Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics (in الألمانية). Vol. 34. Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W. قالب:COBISS.
Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials, 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, قالب:CROSBI, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1, OCLC 37959860
Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in صربية-كرواتية). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. قالب:CROSBI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Lencek, Rado (1976). "A few remarks for the history of the term 'Serbocroatian' language". Zbornik Za Filologiju I Lingvistiku. 19 (1): 45–53. ISSN 0514-6143.
Mappes-Niediek, Norbert (2005). Die Ethno-Falle: der Balkan-Konflikt und was Europa daraus lernen kann [The Ethnic Trap: the Balkan conflict and what Europe can learn from it] (in الألمانية). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-86153-367-2. OCLC 61665869.
Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.). Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai 1995. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontan (in الألمانية). Vol. 4. Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–219. OCLC 243829127.
Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). "Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues" [Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. Revue des études slaves (in الفرنسية). 74 (2–3): 311–325. doi:10.3406/slave.2002.6801. ISSN 0080-2557. OCLC 754204160. قالب:ZDB.

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للاستزادة

Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question. Yale University Press, 1984.
Bunčić, D., 2016. Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin. Biscriptality: A Sociolinguistic Typology, pp. 231–246.
Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian. Nouvelles éditions Latines, Paris, 1984.
Franolić, B., 1983. The development of literary Croatian and Serbian. Buske Verlag.
Franolić, Branko (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines.
Franolić, Branko; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5.
Greenberg, Robert D. (1999). "In the Aftermath of Yugoslavia's Collapse: The Politics of Language Death and Language Birth". International Politics. 36 (2): 141–158.
Greenberg, Robert D. (2013). "Language, Religion, and Nationalism: The Case of the Former Serbo-Croatian". Typen slavischer Standardsprachen: Theoretische, methodische und empirische Zugaenge. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 217–231. ISBN 9783447100281.
Ivić, Pavle: Die serbokroatischen Dialekte. the Hague, 1958.
Jakobsen, Per (2008). "O strukturalno-lingvističkim konstantama srpskohrvatskog jezika (inventar fonema i fonotaktička struktura)" [Serbocroatian structural-linguistic constants (inventory of phonemes and phonotactic structure)]. In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in صربية-كرواتية). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 25–34. ISBN 978-86-7215-207-4. (COBISS-CG) Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in الألمانية). 36 (2): 178–186. ISSN 0044-2356. قالب:ZDB.
Magner, Thomas F.: Zagreb Kajkavian dialect. Pennsylvania State University, 1966.
Magner, Thomas F. (1991). Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language (Revised ed.). Pennsylvania State University.
Merk, Hening (2008). "Neka pragmatična zapažanja o postojanju srpskohrvatskog jezika". In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in صربية-كرواتية). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 295–299. ISBN 978-86-7215-207-4. (COBISS-CG) Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Murray Despalatović, Elinor: Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement. Columbia University Press, 1975.
Spalatin, C., 1966. Serbo-Croatian or Serbian and Croatian?: Considerations on the Croatian Declaration and Serbian Proposal of March 1967. Journal of Croatian Studies, 7, pp. 3–13.
Zekovic, Sreten & Cimeša, Boro: Elementa montenegrina, Chrestomatia 1/90. CIP, Zagreb 1991.

وصلات خارجية

اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة باللغة الصربو-كرواتية، في معرفة الاقتباس.

Ethnologue – the 15th edition of Ethnologue (released 2005) shows changes in this area:
- Previous Ethnologue entry for Serbo-Croatian
- Ethnologue 15th Edition report on western South Slavic languages
Integral text of Novi Sad Agreement (in صربو-كرواتية)
Serbian and Croatian alphabets at Omniglot.
"Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?", Radio Free Europe, February 21, 2009
Browne, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004), A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian, SEELRC, http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/compgrammar_bcs.pdf

[status-1] أ ^ب Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

[2] "The Slavic Languages" (PDF). Cambridge Language Surveys. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2017.

[3] "Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2012-08-17.

[4] ttp://www.brg-lienz.tsn.at/events/.../minorities/.../austrian%20minorities%20legislation.doc^{[dead link]}

[5] "Legge Regionale n.15 del 14 maggio 1997 - Tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche nel Molise - Bollettino Ufficiale n. 10 del 16.5.1997" (PDF). Sardegna Cultura. Retrieved 2018-07-15.

[6] "B92.net". B92.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-01.

[7] "Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.

[8] "Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.

[lpd-9] أ ^ب Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0

[jones2003-10] أ ^ب Jones, Daniel (2003), Peter Roach, ed., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8

[11] Čamdžić, Amela; Hudson, Richard (2007). "Serbo-Croat-Bosnian clitics and Word Grammar" (PDF). Research in Language. UCL Psychology and Language Sciences. doi:10.2478/v10015-007-0001-7. hdl:11089/9540. S2CID 54645947. Retrieved 11 September 2013.

[FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII-12] Alexander 2006, p. XVII.

[ThomasOsipov-13] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ThomasOsipov

[14] Mørk, Henning (2002). Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi [Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology]. Arbejdspapirer ; vol. 1 (in الدانمركية). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). OCLC 471591123.

[15] Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206, 166. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965. Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin

[Econ-16] "Is Serbo-Croatian a language?". The Economist. 10 April 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBlum2002130–132-17] Blum 2002, pp. 130–132.

[Busch2004-18] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Busch2004

[أ]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

الصربو-كرواتية
Serbian Croatian Bosnian Montenegrin
srpskohrvatski / hrvatskosrpski српскохрватски / хрватскосрпски
موطنها	Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo^[أ]
العرق	Bosniaks Croats Montenegrins Serbs
الناطقون الأصليون	21 million (2011)^[1]
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic الصربو-كرواتية
الصيغ الفصحى	Serbian Croatian Bosnian Montenegrin
اللهجات	Dialects of Serbo-Croatian: Shtokavian (standard) Bunjevac Slavomolisano Torlakian Čakavian Kajkavian
نظام الكتابة	Latin (Gaj) Cyrillic (Serbian and Montenegrin) Yugoslav Braille
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	صربيا (as Serbian) كرواتيا (as Croatian) البوسنة والهرسك (as Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian) الجبل الأسود (as Montenegrin) كوسوڤو^[أ] (as Serbian)^[2] الاتحاد الأوروپي (as Croatian)
لغة أقلية معترف بها في	النمسا (Burgenland)^[3] المجر^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} إيطاليا (Molise)^[4] رومانيا (in Carașova, Lupac)^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} سلوڤاكيا^[5] التشيك^[6] شمال مقدونيا^[7]
ينظمها	Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Croatian) Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Serbian) Language Institute at University of Sarajevo (Bosnian) Faculty for Montenegrin language and literature, formerly Institute for Montenegrin language and literature (Montenegrin)
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	`hbs` – inclusive code Individual codes: `bos` – Bosnian `cnr` – Montenegrin `hrv` – Croatian `srp` – Serbian `svm` – Slavomolisano
Glottolog	`sout1528`
Linguasphere	`53-AAA-g`
Areas where Serbo-Croatian is spoken by a plurality of inhabitants (as of 2005)^{[needs update]} Note: ^a Kosovo independence disputed, see 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence