بان گو

لمعلومات عن إله صيني، انظر پان‌گو.

بان گو Ban Gu
بان گو، شاعر صيني في القرن الأول، وجامع كتاب هان
وُلِدَ	AD 32 Anling، ناحية فوفنگ، أسرة هان (الآن Xianyang, Shaanxi)
توفي	AD 92 (aged 59–60)
أسماء أخرى	Mengjian
المهنة	مؤرخ وشاعر وسياسي
اللقب	كتاب هان
الأقارب	بان بياو (والد) Consort Ban (grand-aunt) بان تشاو (شقيق) بان ژاو (شقيقة)

هذا هو اسم صيني; لقب العائلة هو بان.

بان گو
"بان گو" بحروف صينية
الصينية	班固
النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bān Gù Gwoyeu Romatzyh Ban Guh Wade–Giles Pan1 Ku4 IPA [pán kû] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Bāan Gu Jyutping Baan1 Gu3 IPA قالب:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pan Kòo Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Pæn Kù Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *pˤ<r>an [k]ˤa-s
Alternative Chinese name
الصينية التقليدية	孟堅
الصينية المبسطة	孟坚
المعنى الحرفي	(courtesy name)
النسخ Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Mèngjiān Gwoyeu Romatzyh Menqjian Wade–Giles Meng4-chien1 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Maahng-gīn Jyutping Maang6-gin1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Bīng-kian Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Mæ̀ng-ken Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *mˤrang-s kˤin<g>

بان گو (班固 ؛ Ban Gu) (AD 32–92) كان مؤرخاً وسياسياً وشاعراً صينياً، أفضل ما اشتهر به كان جزأه في جمع كتاب هان، ثاني تواريخ الأسر المالكة الأربعة وعشرين في الصين. كما كتب عدداً من أعمال فو، وهي صيغة أدبية رئيسية، تجمع بين النثر والشعر، والتي تقترن بالذات بعصر أسرة هان. عدد من أعمال "فو" لبان جمعها شياو تونگ في ون شوان Wen Xuan.

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 خلفية العائلة

The Ban family was one of the most distinguished families of the Eastern Han dynasty. They lived in the state of Chu أثناء فترة الدويلات المتناحرة but, during the reign of the First Emperor, a man named Ban Yi (斑 or 班壹, Bān Yī) fled north to the Loufan (t 樓煩, s 楼烦, Lóufán) near the Yanmen Pass in what is now northern Shanxi Province. By the early Han Dynasty, Ban Gu's ancestors gained prominence on the northwestern frontier as herders of several thousand cattle, oxen, and horses, which they traded in a formidable business and encouraged other families to move to the frontier. Ban Biao later moved the family to Anling (near modern Xianyang, Shaanxi).

العمة الكبرى لبان گو، Consort Ban، كانت دارسة وشاعرة، ووالده بان بياو كان مؤرخاً بارزاً. وقد أخذ عن أبيه مسئولية كتابة تاريخ أسرة هان السابقة، وهو الكتاب الذي أصبح يُعرف في الأزمنة الحديثة بإسم هان‌شو أو كتاب هان. إلا أن عمله تعطل بسبب مشاكل سياسية، إذ أن ارتباطه بعائلة Empress Dowager Dou أدى إلى سجنه ووفاته (إما بالإعدام أو التعذيب). قليل من مجلدات كتابه 13–20 (ثمان جداول زمنية) و المجلد رقم 26 (سير فلكية)، إلا أن شقيقته الصغرى، بان ژاو، أكملتهم، وأصبحوا نموذجاً للعديد من الأعمال الأخرى عن الأسر اللاحقة.

شقيق بان التوأم، بان تشاو كان قائداً عسكرياً شهيراً ومستكشف آسيا الوسطى. شقيقته، بان ژاو، كانت واحدة من أشهر الدارسات في التاريخ الصيني، وقد أسهمت في هان شو، بعد حبس بان گو ووفاته لاحقاً.

 سيرته

Ban's father, Ban Biao, died in AD 54 when Ban was twenty-two. After his father's death, Ban spent a period of time pondering what path he should pursue in life, eventually composing a long fu on his situation entitled "Fu on Communicating with the Hidden" (صينية: 幽通賦؛ پن‌ين: Yōutōng fù�), which is famous as one of the earliest known fu used to discuss philosophical questions. Ban did not immediately begin an official career, but remained in the Ban family home in Anling to work on the completion of his father's historical sequel to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.

Around AD 60, rumors were reported to Emperor Ming of Han that Ban was "privately revising the national history", which caused the imperial court to become concerned about the type of account Ban would write of the fall of the Western Han and the rise of the Eastern Han. Ban was subsequently arrested and the Ban family library confiscated, though Ban's brother Ban Chao was able to intercede on his behalf and secure Ban's release. Ban was assigned to compile the annals of Emperor Guangwu of Han, the first Eastern Han emperor, and in AD 64 was assigned to the collation of books in the imperial library and promoted to the rank of gentleman. Emperor Ming was so impressed with the quality of Ban's work that in AD 66 he gave him permission to resume his work on the history of the Western Han, which he worked on for the rest of his life.

Ban continued to serve in the imperial library and at the imperial court throughout the second half of the 1st century AD. During the reign of Emperor Zhang of Han, Ban was promoted to the position of "Marshal of the Black Warrior Gate". Ban later served as a high-ranking literary official under Dou Xian, the brother of Emperor Zhang's empress. Although Dou won prestige for two successful campaigns against the Xiongnu, in AD 92 he was suspected by Emperor He of Han of plotting a rebellion and forced to commit suicide. Immediately thereafter, Ban was dismissed from office and arrested by an old rival, Chong Jing, who was serving as the prefect of Luoyang. Ban died in prison that same year at 61 years old.

 Legacy

The modern historian Hsu Mei-ling states that Ban Gu's written work in geography set the trend for the establishment of geographical sections of history texts, and most likely sparked the trend of the gazetteer in ancient China.

The tendency of both Chinese and Western scholars to view China's history in a dynastic framework is thought to be a direct result of Ban Gu's decision to write the Book of Han in the manner in which he did.

 أسرة بان

• بان بياو (班彪; 3-54 AD; father)
  • Ban Gu (班固; 32-92; first son)
  • Ban Chao (班超; 32-102; second son)
    • Ban Xiong (班雄; ?-after 107; Ban Chao's eldest son)
      • Ban Shi (班始; ?-130; Ban Xiong's son)
    • Ban Yong (班勇; ?- c. 128; youngest son of Ban Chao)
  • Ban Zhao (班昭; c.45-c.117; daughter)

 انظر أيضاً

• Han poetry
• التواريخ الأربع وعشرون

 المراجع

 الأعمال المذكورة

• Bielenstein, Hans. “Pan Ku’s Accusations against Wang Mang.” In Chinese Ideas about Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde. Ed. Charles Le Blanc and Susan Blader. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1987, 265-70.
• Anthony E. Clark, Ban Gu's History of Early China (Amherst: Cambria Press, 2008). [1]
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). "Ban Gu 班固". A Biographical Dictionary of the Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," Imago Mundi (Volume 45, 1993): 90-100.
• Knechtges, David R. (2010a). "From the Eastern Han to the Western Jin". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Vol. 1: To 1375. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–98. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Knechtges, David R. (2010b). "Ban Gu 班固". In Knechtges, David; Chang, Taiping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One. Leiden: Brill. pp. 6–16. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
• Van der Sprenkel, O. B. Pan Piao, Pan Ku, and the Han History. Centre for Oriental Studies Occasional Paper, no. 3. Canberra: Australian National University, 1964.
• Yü, Ying-shih. (1967). Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 وصلات خارجية

• أعمال من Gu Ban في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about Gu Ban at Internet Archive

قراءات للاستزادة

• Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154