القومية المحافظة

جزء من سلسلة مقالات سلسلة مقالات عن
محافظة
Blue flag
مدارس
مفاهيم
أشخاص
منظمات
دينية
حسب البلد
موضوعات متعلقة
بوابة السياسة

القومية المحافظة National conservatism هي تنويعة قومية من الفكر المحافظ تركز على الحفاظ على الهوية القومية والثقافية. وهي تشترك في جوانب المحافظة التقليدية والمحافظة الاجتماعية.[1][2][3][4][5] National conservatives usually combine conservatism with nationalist stances, emphasizing cultural conservatism, family values and opposition to immigration.[4][5][6][7] National conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal conservative parties.[8] In Europe, they usually embrace some form of Euroscepticism.[7][9] In post-communist central and eastern Europe specifically, most conservative parties since 1989 have followed a national conservative ideology.[10] In the United States, Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism,[11][12] which also gives its name to the National Conservatism Conference, organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation.[13]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأيديولوجية

السياسات الاجتماعية

Ideologically, national conservatism is not a uniform philosophy but adherents have broadly expressed support for nationalism, patriotism, assimilationism and monoculturalism. At the same time there is expressed opposition to internationalism, racial politics, multiculturalism and globalism.[14][15][16] National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as cultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration and strict law and order policies.[5][7][4]

National conservative parties are "socially traditional"[7] and support traditional family values, gender roles and the public role of religion,[4][17] being sometimes critical of separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition".[17] Many national conservatives are thus social conservatives.

السياسات الاقتصادية

National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of corporatism and mixed economy to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,[18] for whom free market economic policies, deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised social, cultural and national conservatives."[18]

السياسة الخارجية

National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards militarism, unilateralism and isolationism. They reject the internationalism and multilateralism that has characterized the modern global age.[6][19] They often have a negative view of the United Nations, feeling that its globalist agenda erodes their unique national identity,[6][19] as well as the European Union and other international organisations.

التنويعات الإقليمية

المقالة الرئيسية: الجهوية (سياسة)

Regional parties can be nationalist or national-conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national-conservative" parties there represent its German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.

علم النفس

انظر أيضاً: Biology and political orientation

الضمير الحي

The Big Five Personality Model has applications in the study of political psychology. It has been found by several studies that individuals who score high in Conscientiousness (the quality of working hard and being careful) are more likely to possess a right-wing political identification.[20][21][22] On the opposite end of the spectrum, a strong correlation was identified between high scores in Openness to Experience and a left-leaning ideology.[20][23][24] Because conscientiousness is positively related to job performance,[25][26] a 2021 study found that conservative service workers earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips than social liberal ones.[27]

حساسية الاشمئزاز

A number of studies have found that disgust is tightly linked to political orientation. People who are highly sensitive to disgusting images are more likely to align with the political right and value traditional norms of bodily and spiritual purity, tending to oppose, for example, abortion and gay marriage.[28][29][30]

Research has also found that people who are more disgust sensitive tend to favour their own in-group over out-groups. The reason behind this may be that people begin to associate outsiders with disease while associating health with people similar to themselves.[31]

The higher one's disgust sensitivity is, the greater the tendency to make more conservative moral judgments. Disgust sensitivity is associated with moral hypervigilance, which means people who have higher disgust sensitivity are more likely to think that suspects of a crime are guilty. They also tend to view them as evil and criminal, thus endorsing them to harsher punishment in the setting of a court.[32]

السلطوية

Following the Second World War, psychologists conducted research into the different motives and tendencies that account for ideological differences between left and right. The early studies focused on conservatives, beginning with Theodor W. Adorno's The Authoritarian Personality (1950) based on the F-scale personality test. This book has been heavily criticized on theoretical and methodological grounds, but some of its findings[مطلوب توضيح] have been confirmed by further empirical research.[33]

According to psychologist Bob Altemeyer, individuals who are politically conservative tend to rank high in right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) on his RWA scale.[34] This finding was echoed by Adorno. A study done on Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters.[35] However, a 2005 study by H. Michael Crowson and colleagues suggested a moderate gap between RWA and other conservative positions, stating that their "results indicated that conservatism is not synonymous with RWA".[36]

التسامح وعدمه تجاه الغموض

In 1973, British psychologist Glenn Wilson published an influential book providing evidence that a general factor underlying conservative beliefs is "fear of uncertainty."[37] A meta-analysis of research literature by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 found that many factors, such as intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure, contribute to the degree of one's political conservatism and its manifestations in decision-making.[33][38] A study by Kathleen Maclay stated these traits "might be associated with such generally valued characteristics as personal commitment and unwavering loyalty". The research also suggested that while most people are resistant to change, social liberals are more tolerant of it.[39]

الميل للهيمنة الاجتماعية

Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups. Psychologist Felicia Pratto and her colleagues have found evidence to support the claim that a high SDO is strongly correlated with conservative views and opposition to social engineering to promote equality.[40] Pratto and her colleagues also found that high SDO scores were highly correlated with measures of prejudice.[بحاجة لمصدر]

However, David J. Schneider argued for a more complex relationships between the three factors, writing that "correlations between prejudice and political conservatism are reduced virtually to zero when controls for SDO are instituted, suggesting that the conservatism–prejudice link is caused by SDO".[41] Conservative political theorist Kenneth Minogue criticized Pratto's work, saying:

It is characteristic of the conservative temperament to value established identities, to praise habit and to respect prejudice, not because it is irrational, but because such things anchor the darting impulses of human beings in solidities of custom which we do not often begin to value until we are already losing them. Radicalism often generates youth movements, while conservatism is a condition found among the mature, who have discovered what it is in life they most value.[42]

A 1996 study by Pratto and her colleagues examined the topic of racism. Contrary to what these theorists predicted, correlations among conservatism and racism were strongest among the most educated individuals, and weakest among the least educated. They also found that the correlation between racism and conservatism could be accounted for by their mutual relationship with SDO.[43]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

السعادة

In his book Gross National Happiness (2008), Arthur C. Brooks presents the finding that conservatives are roughly twice as happy as social liberals.[44] A 2008 study suggested that conservatives tend to be happier than social liberals because of their tendency to justify the current state of affairs and to remain unbothered by inequalities in society.[45] A 2012 study disputed this, demonstrating that conservatives expressed greater personal agency (e.g., personal control, responsibility), more positive outlook (e.g., optimism, self-worth), and more transcendent moral beliefs (e.g., greater religiosity, greater moral clarity).[46]

قائمة الأحزاب القومية المحافظة

Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

Japan's national conservative LDP has long dominated the country's politics. (see 1955 System.)

The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservativism:

Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions

انظر أيضاً


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

المراجع

  1. ^ ANDREW., HEYWOOD (2018). ESSENTIALS OF POLITICAL IDEAS : for a level. [S.l.]: PALGRAVE. ISBN 978-1137611673. OCLC 1005867754.
  2. ^ Berkowitz, Peter, ed. (2004). Varieties of conservatism in America. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0817945725. OCLC 839305105.
  3. ^ Dahms, Harry F., ed. (7 November 2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK. ISBN 9781784412227. OCLC 896728569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث "National Conservatism: A Guide for the Perplexed". 15 August 2019.
  5. ^ أ ب ت "The national conservatism movement just began—does it have a future?". The Daily Dot. 11 August 2019.
  6. ^ أ ب ت Littlejohn, Brad. "National Conservatism, Then and Now". National Affairs. United States: National Affairs, Inc.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  8. ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-317-08503-4.
  9. ^ Traynor, Ian, The EU's weary travellers Archived 7 أبريل 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 4 April 2006
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص Bakke, Elisabeth (2010), Central and East European party systems since 1989, Cambridge University Press, p. 79 
  11. ^ Meaney, Thomas. "Trumpism After Trump: Will the movement outlive the man?". Harper's Magazine (in الإنجليزية). Vol. February 2020. ISSN 0017-789X. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  12. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (2019-07-17). "Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism". Vox (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  13. ^ https://nationalconservatism.org/about
  14. ^ Ferraresi, Mattia (April 10, 2020). "Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. standing "in stark opposition to political theories grounded in race." Thus, in addition to formulating their political theses around ideas of nationality and values, the national conservatives also include ideas about race, culture, and religion to define their outlooks.
  15. ^ Franklin, Peter (9 March 2023). "National conservatism has a future in Britain". UnHerd. London.
  16. ^ MacDougald, Park (July 19, 2019). "What the Hell Is 'National Conservatism' Anyway?". New York Magazine. New York City: New York Media.
  17. ^ أ ب Rosenberger, Sieglinde, Europe is swinging towards the right - What are the effects on women? Archived 28 سبتمبر 2011 at the Wayback Machine, University of Vienna, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  18. ^ أ ب National Questions, National Review, Vol. 49, Issue 12, 30 June 1997, pp. 16-17
  19. ^ أ ب Dueck, Colin (January 22, 2021). "Conservative Nationalism and US Foreign Policy". AEI. American Enterprise Institute.
  20. ^ أ ب Gerber AS, et al. (2010). "Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts". The American Political Science Review. 104: 111–133. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000031. S2CID 6208090.
  21. ^ Sweetser KD (2014). "Partisan Personality: The Psychological Differences Between Democrats and Republicans, and Independents Somewhere in Between". American Behavioral Scientist. 58 (9): 1183–94. doi:10.1177/0002764213506215. S2CID 145674720.
  22. ^ Fatke M (2017). "Personality Traits and Political Ideology: A First Global Assessment". Political Psychology. 38 (5): 881–99. doi:10.1111/pops.12347.
  23. ^ Bakker BN, et al. (2015). "Personality Traits and Party Identification over Time". European Journal of Political Research. 54 (2): 197–215. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12070.
  24. ^ Gerber AS, et al. (2012). "Personality and the Strength and Direction of Partisan Identification". Political Behavior. 34 (4): 653–688. doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9178-5. S2CID 144317734.
  25. ^ Brown, T. J., Mowen, J. C., Donavan, D. T., & Licata, J. W. (2002). The customer orientation of service workers: Personality trait effects on self-and supervisor performance ratings. Journal ofMarketing Research, 39, 110–119.
  26. ^ Neal, A., Yeo, G., Koy, A., & Xiao, T. (2012). Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 175–192.
  27. ^ Davidson, A., & Theriault, D. A. (2021). How Consumer Experience Is Shaped by the Political Orientation of Service Providers. Journal of Consumer Psychology.
  28. ^ Inbar, Yoel, et al. (2012). "Disgust sensitivity, political conservatism, and voting". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3 (5): 537–544. doi:10.1177/1948550611429024. S2CID 1890061.
  29. ^ Ahn, Woo-Young, et al. (November 2014). "Nonpolitical Images Evoke Neural Predictors of Political Ideology". Current Biology. 24 (22): 2693–2699. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.050. PMC 4245707. PMID 25447997.
  30. ^ Dan Jones. "Left or right-wing? Brain's disgust response tells all". New Scientist. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  31. ^ Navarrete, Carlos David; Fessler, Daniel M.T. (2006). "Disease avoidance and ethnocentrism: The effects of disease vulnerability and disgust sensitivity on intergroup attitudes". Evolution and Human Behavior. 27 (4): 270–282. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.12.001.
  32. ^ David, B.; Olatunji, B.O. (2011). "The effect of disgust conditioning and disgust sensitivity on appraisals of moral transgressions". Personality and Individual Differences. 50 (7): 1142–1146. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.004.
  33. ^ أ ب Jost, John T.; Glaser, Jack; Kruglanski, Arie W.; Sulloway, Frank J. (2003). "Political conservatism as motivated social cognition". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (3): 339–375. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339. PMID 12784934. S2CID 1778256.
  34. ^ Altemeyer (1981)
  35. ^ Rubinstein, G. (1996). "Two Peoples in One Land: A Validation Study of Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale in the Palestinian and Jewish Societies in Israel". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 27 (2): 216–230. doi:10.1177/0022022196272005. S2CID 146603681.
  36. ^ Crowson, H. Michael; Thoma, Stephen J.; Hestevold, Nita (August 7, 2010). "Is Political Conservatism Synonymous With Authoritarianism?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 145 (5): 571–592. doi:10.3200/SOCP.145.5.571-592. PMID 16201679. S2CID 30468730.
  37. ^ Wilson, Glenn D. (1973). The psychology of conservatism. Academic Press.
  38. ^ Chan, EY; Ilicic, J (2019). "Political ideology and brand attachment". International Journal of Research in Marketing. 36 (4): TBD. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2019.04.001. S2CID 182260170.
  39. ^ "Researchers help define what makes a political conservative". 2003.
  40. ^ Pratto, Felicia; Sidanius, Jim; Stallworth, Lisa M.; Malle, Bertram F. (1994). "Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (4): 741–763. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741.
  41. ^ Schneider, David J. (April 7, 2005). The Psychology of Stereotyping. Guilfold Press. p. 275.
  42. ^ Kuper, Adam (May 13, 2013). The Social Science Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 155–156.
  43. ^ Sidanius, J; Pratto, F; Bobo, L (1996). "Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance?" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70 (3): 476–490. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.474.1114. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-17.
  44. ^ Brooks, Arthur C. (2008). Gross National Happiness: Why Happiness Matters for America—and How We Can Get More of It. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-5113-9186-3.
  45. ^ Napier, J.L.; Jost, J.T. (2008). "Why Are Conservatives Happier Than Liberals?". Psychological Science. 19 (6): 565–572. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x. PMID 18578846. S2CID 22998780.
  46. ^ Schlenker, Barry; Chambers, John; Le, Bonnie (April 2012). "Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality and life satisfaction". Journal of Research in Personality. 46 (2): 127–146. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  47. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  48. ^ Provisions of RPA Program Archived 9 يوليو 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Republican Party of Armenia, 2008.
  49. ^ Gerard Braunthal (2009). Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-230-25116-8.
  50. ^ Oliver Rathkolb (2010). The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005. Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78238-396-3.
  51. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.tai.org.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  52. ^ Thompson, Wayne C. (2008). Western Europe 2008. Stryker Post Pubns. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-887985-98-7.
  53. ^ "A State of Division". Jacobin. 8 November 2018.
  54. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Bosnia-Herzegovina". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  55. ^ "Partido progressista afirma que quer atrair eleitor conservador".
  56. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  57. ^ Aflaki, Inga N. (2016). Entrepreneurship in the Polis. Routledge.
  58. ^ Justin Ling. "How Maxime Bernier Lost His Seat: Canada's nationalist People's Party has run a familiar populist playbook — and ended up a joke". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 3 Nov 2019.
  59. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Croatia". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  60. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck (2021). Parliamentary Elections and Governments since 1945, European Parliament Elections, Political Orientation and History of Parties. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 92. ISBN 9783754355848.
  61. ^ Tomic, Caroline (2018). Remigration to Post-Socialist Europe. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 116.
  62. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  63. ^ "Détails ODS - Election(s)Meter". fr.electionsmeter.com. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  64. ^ Pehe, Jiří. "Má liberalismus v České republice šanci? — Jiří Pehe". www.pehe.cz. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  65. ^ Moreau, Patrick (2011). "The Victorious Parties - Unity in Diversity?". In Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau (ed.). The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 101. ISBN 9783647369228.
  66. ^ "New antimuslim party heading for Danish parliament while neofascists and anti-Semites take it to the streets". 13 March 2019.
  67. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  68. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  69. ^ Siitonen, Aaretti (2009), Flags and hymns are not for Finns: An analysis of the European elections in Finland before the fact, p. 4, http://www.fiia.fi/assets/events/UPI_Briefing_Paper_32_2009.pdf 
  70. ^ "Jean-Yves Camus". Lefigaro.fr. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  71. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  72. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2012). "France". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2017-06-11.
  73. ^ Mayeur, Jean-Marie (1987). The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
  74. ^ Simon Franzmann (2015). "The Failed Struggle for Office Instead of Votes". In Gabriele D'Ottavio; Thomas Saalfeld (eds.). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Ashgate. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-4724-4439-4.
  75. ^ Baumgartl, Bernd (1995). New Xenophobia in Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 139.
  76. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). Parties and Elections in Europe. Books on Demand. p. 243.
  77. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  78. ^ "High single-digit difference between ND, SYRIZA in new poll on Thurs". Naftemporiki. 16 May 2019.
  79. ^ O'Reilly, Gerry (2019). Aligning Geopolitics, Humanitarian Action and Geography in Times of Conflict. Springer. p. 47.
  80. ^ "Νέα Δεξιά, το κόμμα του Φ. Κρανιδιώτη". Kathimerini (in اليونانية).
  81. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  82. ^ أ ب Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-08503-4.
  83. ^ أ ب ت András Körösényi (1999). Government and Politics in Hungary. Central European University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-963-9116-76-4.
  84. ^ Pytlas, Bartek (2015). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune. Routledge. p. 36.
  85. ^ Bonikowska, Monika (2014). "India After The Elections". Centre for International Relations (6): 2. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  86. ^ Misra, Amalendu (1999). "Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India". Journal of Asian History. 33 (2): 175.
  87. ^ Lee, Doreen (2016). Activist Archives: Youth Culture and the Political Past in Indonesia. Duke University Press.
  88. ^ Hitchcock, Michael (1997). Images of Malay-Indonesian Identity. OUP. p. 101.
  89. ^ أ ب Gary Marks; Carole Wilson (2005). "National parties and the contestation of Europe". In Thomas Banchoff; Mitchell Smith (eds.). Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity. Routledge. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-134-67560-9.
  90. ^ "The short life of the "National Unity Government"" (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. July 2012. p. 1.
  91. ^ Watzal, Ludwig (1999). Peace enemies: the past and present conflict between Israel and Palestine. PASSIA. p. 28.
  92. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  93. ^ أ ب Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck
  94. ^ Andrea Carla (2016). "Tensions and Challenges between New and Old minorities: Political Party Discourses on Migration in South Tyrol". In Roberta Medda-Windischer; Patricia Popelier (eds.). Pro-independence Movements and Immigration: Discourse, Policy and Practice. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29439-4.
  95. ^ "Japan's ruling conservatives have been returned to power, but amid voter frustration, challenges lurk for Kishida". The Conversation. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. Japan's ruling conservative nationalist Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) will remain comfortably in power under its new prime minister Fumio Kishida, after the weekend's national election.
  96. ^ Ganesan (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 67.
  97. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  98. ^ Stefanini, Sara (5 February 2017). "Liechtenstein's Populists Gain Ground". Politico. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  99. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  100. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  101. ^ Jan Senkyr (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74. the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party
  102. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram, Montenegro, http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html 
  103. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey (2019). The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties. Routledge.
  104. ^ Staab, Steffen (2018). Social Informatics. Springer. p. 102.
  105. ^ Klaus Wahl (2020). The Radical Right: Biopsychosocial Roots and International Variations. Springer Nature. p. 201. ISBN 978-3-030-25131-4.
  106. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2008). "Macedonia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  107. ^ Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 93.
  108. ^ "Det finnes bare et nasjonalkonservativt folkeparti i Norge!". 26 July 2020.
  109. ^ "Pakistan Muslim League N". pmln.org. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  110. ^ "Global Election Review 2019" (PDF). Solace Global. 2019. p. 4.
  111. ^ Koch, Mark (21 April 2013). "Return of the conservatives". Deutsche Welle.
  112. ^ Teehankee, Julio (2016). "Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time". Journal of Developing Societies. 3 (3).
  113. ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-317-08503-4.
  114. ^ Krzypinski, Dariusz (2017). Ruxandra Boicu; et al. (eds.). Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 245. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  115. ^ "Sejm und Senat: Zur Urne in der Woiwodschaft Lubuskie" (in الألمانية). MOZ.de. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  116. ^ Monika Sieradzka (11 October 2019). "Regierungspartei PiS ist der Favorit". Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk.
  117. ^ أ ب Henningsen, Bernd; Etzold, Tobias; Hanne, Krister, eds. (15 September 2017). The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. p. 352. ISBN 978-3-8305-1727-6.
  118. ^ David Art (2011), "Memory Politics in Western Europe", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 364, ISBN 978-3-525-36922-7 
  119. ^ "Socialist Antonio Costa wins Portugal election, will continue 'contraption' coalition". Euronews. 7 October 2019.
  120. ^ Narcis George Matache (3 May 2018). "Top 30 partide politice din România". The New Federalist.
  121. ^ "Elections 2020: A small victory for the right, but Romania won't deviate from its Western path".
  122. ^ "The Center Holds in Romania, but a New Far-Right Party Spells Trouble".
  123. ^ "Mihail Neamțu, după atentatul de la Londra | Marea moschee comandată de Erdogan în mijlocul Bucureştiului trebuie să fie un proiect mort şi îngropat". 23 March 2017.
  124. ^ "Traian Băsescu: "PMP nu va fi de acord cu transformarea UE într-o uriaşă moschee"".
  125. ^ "VIDEO Traian Băsescu: Sunt un adversar neîmpăcat al transformării Europei într-o moschee / Laicizarea începe să devină o vulnerabilitate - Alegeri Europarlamentare 2019 - HotNews.ro". 21 May 2019.
  126. ^ "People's Movement Party (PMP)". The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  127. ^ "Parlamentarii PMP s-au întâlnit cu membri ai Congresului SUA: Susținem familia tradițională". 26 July 2017.
  128. ^ "Referendumul pentru familie: Cum se poziţionează politicienii faţă de evenimentul din weekend".
  129. ^ "Russia parliament elections: How the parties line up". BBC News Online. BBC. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  130. ^ Sakwa, Richard (2013). Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 9781317989943. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  131. ^ "Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People? / Diena". Diena.lv. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  132. ^ Bluhm, Katharina (2018). New Conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe. Routledge.
  133. ^ "Russia election: Who are Vladimir Putin's challengers?". Deutsche Welle. 8 February 2018.
  134. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  135. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Serbia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  136. ^ Berger, Mark (2014). Rethinking the Third World. Macmillan. p. 98.
  137. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Slovakia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  138. ^ "Korean Dilemma". The Statesman (India). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023. Politically, the conservatives are on the rise in South Korea, and the country has just elected its new President, Yoon Suk-yeol, from the nationalist-conservative, People Power Party (PPP).
  139. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe".
  140. ^ Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
  141. ^ Daniel Kübler; Urs Scheuss; Philippe Rochat (2013). "The Metropolitan Bases of Political Cleavage in Switzerland". In Jefferey M. Sellers; Daniel Kübler; R. Alan Walks; Melanie Walter-Rogg (eds.). The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries. ECPR Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-907301-44-5.
  142. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  143. ^ "Tsai wants to continue her balancing act". International Politics and Society Journal. 13 January 2020.
  144. ^ "Thailand". De Agostini. Retrieved 5 February 2020. PPP (Palang Pracharath, People's State Power Party, conservative nationalist)
  145. ^ Bayat, Asef (2013). Post-Islamism. Oxford University Press. p. 11.
  146. ^ "Erdoğan's Triumph". Financial Times. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2018. The AKP is now a national conservative party — albeit rebalancing power away from the westernised urban elite and towards Turkey's traditional heartland of Anatolia — as well as the Muslim equivalent of Europe's Christian Democrats.
  147. ^ Carkoglu, Ali (2004). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p. 127.
  148. ^ "++ In Türkei festgenommene Deutsche wieder frei ++ Erdogan zum Sieger erklärt++". watson. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  149. ^ "Auszählung in der Türkei läuft: Erdogans Vorsprung schmilzt". Weser-Kurier. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  150. ^ "Schüsse! Politiker der Opposition bei Wahl getötet". Morgenpost. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  151. ^ "Nach Erdogan-Wahl und Diktator-Vergleich: EU-Beitrittsverhandlungen "zum Stillstand gekommen"". Kreiszeitung. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  152. ^ "Türkei-Wahlen: Oppositionspolitiker in Osttürkei getötet". Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  153. ^ [148][149][150][151][152]
  154. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe".
  155. ^ "Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists". BBC News. 26 December 2012.
  156. ^ "Ярош, Тягнибок та Білецький таки сформували єдиний список на вибори". 9 June 2019.
  157. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  158. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  159. ^ O'Reilly, Gerry (2019). Aligning Geopolitics, Humanitarian Action and Geography in Times of Conflict. Springer. p. 47.
  160. ^ Chait, Jonathan (12 Oct 2022). "How to Make a Semi-Fascist Party". New York Magazine. Retrieved 12 Oct 2022.
  161. ^ Goldman, Rene (2017). A Childhood Adrift. Azrieli Foundation.
  162. ^ Heywood, Andrew (2018). Essentials of Political Ideas. Palgrave. p. 58.
  163. ^ Roett, Riordan (1999). Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society. p. 36.
  164. ^ Anne Griffin (1984). Quebec, the Challenge of Independence. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8386-3135-5.
  165. ^ Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 165.
  166. ^ Hloušek, Vít (2016). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties. Routledge. p. 165.
  167. ^ Ulrike Ehret (2012). "The Catholic right, political Catholicism and radicalism: the Catholic right in Germany". Church, Nation and Race: Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918-45. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-452-9.
  168. ^ Stone, Jon (24 September 2017). "German elections: Far-right wins MPs for first time in half a century". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  169. ^ "Neue konservative Partei: Petry bekennt sich öffentlich zur Gründung der "Blauen Partei"". MDR.de (in الألمانية). 2017-10-12. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  170. ^ Stiftung, Bertelsmann (2009). Strategies for Combating Right-wing Extremism in Europe. Brookings Institution Press. p. 183.
  171. ^ Häkkinen, Ville (2019). From Counterrevolution to Consolidation?. JYU. p. 99.
  172. ^ Baxter, Craig (1969). The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780812275834.
  173. ^ Matin-Asgard, Afshin (2018). Both Eastern and Western. CUP. p. 243.
  174. ^ Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. p. 106.
  175. ^ Grand, Alexander (1978). The Italian Nationalist Association and the Rise of Fascism in Italy. University of Nebraska Press. p. 163.
  176. ^ Marco Tarchi (2007), Recalcitrant Allies: The Conflicting Foreign Policy Agenda of the Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord', Ashgate, p. 188 
  177. ^ Robert Leonardi (2017). Government and Politics of Italy. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-349-93231-3.
  178. ^ Tom Lansford, ed. (2013). Political Handbook of the World 2013. SAGE Publications. p. 715. ISBN 978-1-4522-5825-6.
  179. ^ Sjølyst-Jackson, Peter (2010). Troubling Legacies: Migration, Modernism and Fascism in the Case of Knut Hamsun. Bloomsbury Academic.
  180. ^ Bohler, Jochen (2019). Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921: The Reconstruction of Poland. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
  181. ^ Jean-Michel De Waele; Anna Pacześniak (2012). "The Europeanisation of Poland's Political Parties and Party System". In Erol Külahci (ed.). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.
  182. ^ Gwiazda, Anna (2015). Democracy in Poland. Routledge. national conservative League of Polish Families (LPR) had a high percentage of women
  183. ^ Sawicka, Joanna; Skibicki, Juliusz; Szacki, Wojciech (3 November 2015). "Kto jest kim u Kukiza". polityka.pl. Polityka. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  184. ^ أ ب Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist. Columbia University Press. p. 33.
  185. ^ "Ludovic Orban: PNL trebuie să sprijine valorile tradiţionale ale românilor - familia, biserica, satul / Avem nişte parteneri de guvernare care parcă nu s-au născut aici - Politic - HotNews.ro". 4 July 2021.
  186. ^ "Bătălia din PNL intră în faza ideologică. Ludovic Orban propune o orientare conservatoare, bazată pe biserică, familie, drapel și sat. Atac la USR: "Avem nişte parteneri de guvernare care de multe ori parcă nu s-au născut aici"". 4 July 2021.
  187. ^ "În lupta pentru șefia PNL din România, liderul partidului, Ludovic Orban vrea să întărească aripa conservatoare".
  188. ^ "Ovidiu Raețchi (PNL): Ludovic Orban a ajuns să meargă pe drumul toxic al lui Viktor Orban".
  189. ^ "Pronostic. Alegerile din 2024, pe scena politică românească: Conservatorii PNL și PMP, contra progresiștii de la USR-PLUS".
  190. ^ "Rareş Bogdan: Nu suntem de acord cu înfierea copiilor de către cupluri ale minorităţilor sexuale, pentru că lucrul ăsta e o chestie care schimbă lumea/ Dacă cineva crede că va putea nouă să ne răpească bucuria de a spune "mamă", "tată", se înşală". 21 March 2021.
  191. ^ Camus, Jean-Yves (2016). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 242.
  192. ^ Bátora, Jozef (11 June 2010), Hungary is the main issue in the Slovakian elections, http://www.touteleurope.eu/fr/nc/print/organisation/institutions/conseil-europeen/analyses-et-opinions/analyses-vue-detaillee/afficher/fiche/4431/t/44339/from/2852/breve/jozef-batora-hungary-is-the-main-issue-in-the-slovakian-elections.html?cHash=eaab4d2426, retrieved on 31 January 2012 
  193. ^ Krabill, Ron (2010). Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid. University of Chicago Press. p. 51.
  194. ^ 《현대 한국정치 이론: 역사 현실 1945 ~ 2011》240p ~ 265p
  195. ^ Jun-Hyeok Kwak (11 June 2013). "Nationalism and Democracy Revisited" (PDF). Soongsil University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  196. ^ Blinkhorn, Martin (2002), Democracy and Civil War in Spain 1932-1939, Routledge, p. 140 
  197. ^ Dudek, Carolyn Marie (2005). EU Accession and Spanish Regional Development. Peter Lang. p. 47.
  198. ^ Kuljić, Todor (2017). Post-Yugoslav Memory Culture. Lambert. p. 14.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=القومية_المحافظة&oldid=2974836"