الطرود المفخخة على طائرة الشحن 2010

الطرود المفخخة على طائرة الشحن 2010
2010 cargo plane bomb plot
التاريخ29 أكتوبر، 2010 (اكتشفت)
الهدف2 planes
نوع الهجوم
تفجير (فشل)
الأسلحةsTwo packages containing printer cartridges packed with the plastic explosive PETN
الوفيات0
المصابون
0
المنفذون المحتملون

On October 29, 2010, two packages, each laden with one pound (454 grams) of plastic explosives, were found on separate cargo planes. They were discovered due to intelligence received from government intelligence agencies. The packages were bound from Yemen to the United States and were discovered at en route stop-overs, in England and in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

U.S. and British authorities and security officials believe that al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), and specifically Anwar al-Awlaki, were behind the plot, and that AQAP main explosives expert Ibrahim Hassan al-Asiri most likely constructed the bombs.[1][2][3]

The U.K. and U.S. believe that it is most likely that the bombs were designed to destroy the planes carrying them in mid-air, detonating as they were in flight.[4][5] The bombs were transported both on passenger planes and on cargo planes during their journeys.[6]

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موقع الطرود

On October 28, Saudi Arabia's security chief, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, called U.S. Homeland Security official John Brennan, the U.S. administration's Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, and former C.I.A. station chief in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to warn him of the plot.[7] The Saudis reportedly provided the U.S. and Germany with the tracking numbers of the two packages, told the U.S. to look for toner cartridges, and told Germany who the addressees were.[8][9] Both packages were slated to arrive in Chicago on November 1.[9]

Saudi Arabia had reportedly learned of the plot through Jaber al-Faifi, a former Guantánamo Bay inmate who was handed over to Saudi Arabia for rehabilitation in 2006, subsequently escaped and re-joined al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in 2008, and then on October 16, 2010, turned himself in to the Saudis and turned turncoat and whistle-blower.[10][11][12] Yemen officials suspected al-Faifi had actually been a double agent for Saudi Arabia ever since he rejoined al-Qaeda.[12] Security professionals said the Saudi tip appeared to be based on far more recent, specific, up-to-the minute intelligence than al-Faifi could provide, and that a Saudi double agent in AQAP was the source of the tip-off.[13]


إنگلترة

The first package left Yemen on a passenger plane, flying to Dubai and then onward to Cologne/Bonn Airport in Germany, where UPS Airlines has its hub.[14] There, it was switched to a cargo plane bound for East Midlands Airport in central England. From there, it was to fly on to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and then on to to Chicago, Illinois.[15][3]

On October 29, 2010, after the British authorities were alerted to the existence of the bomb, an initial search of the cargo on the UPS plane in the UPS parcels distribution depot at East Midlands Airport came up empty, as even the parcel with the bomb was cleared.[16][17] When U.S. authorities provided the precise tracking number of the package, the box was scanned and bomb-detecting dogs sniffed it, yet no explosives were detected.[18] U.S. authorities insisted, however, that the packaged be inspected again, and British authorities consulted with officials in Dubai, who had discovered the bomb in a computer printer cartridge. British police then discovered the bomb in a second search.[19][20][16][17][21]

دبي

Also on October 29, at around 9 AM GMT, the second package was discovered on a FedEx Express plane at an airport in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The FedEx plane was slated to fly to Newark, New Jersey, and then on to Chicago, Illinois.[22]

Qatar Airways said that the bomb had been carried on two of its commercial passenger jets. First, on a 144-seat Airbus A320 flight from Sana'a, Yemen, to Doha International Airport in Doha, Qatar. And then on a second passenger plane for the flight from Doha to Dubai (either an A320, an Airbus A321, or a Boeing 777) which, depending on the type of aircraft being used, had a seating capacity of 144 to 335.[23][19][24][25][26]

الأماكن المستهدفة

The packages were addressed to outdated addresses of two Jewish institutions in Chicago, Illinois, one of which was the Congregation Or Chadash, an LGBT synagogue, but in place of the names of the institutions the packages were addressed to the names of historical figures from the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition.[1][27] U.S. and U.K. officials believe the planes, and not the addressees, were the targets.[28]

المحتويات

Both packages contained sophisticated, expertly constructed bombs concealed in computer printer cartridges filled with the odorless military grade plastic explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), one of the most powerful explosives known.[22][23][5][29][30] The package in Dubai also contained lead azide.[22][23][5] The bomb found in England contained قالب:G to oz of PETN (five times the amount needed to level a house), and the one found in Dubai contained قالب:G to oz of PETN.[29]

By comparison, the bomb in the terrorist suspect's underwear in the attempted 2009 Christmas Day bombing contained only about قالب:G to oz of PETN.[28] قالب:G to oz of PETN is enough to blow a hole in an airplane.[31]

The package intercepted in Dubai was shipped in a cardboard box that contained a Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet P2055 desktop laser printer, a toner cartridge inside it filled with the explosives, souvenirs, and several books written in English.[5][32][33] The triggering device was an "electrical circuit linked to a mobile telephone [SIM] card".[22] A law enforcement image of the device was reported by CNN to carry markings resembling a Bird D736 cell phone.[34] The device's wiring indicated that it was done by professionals as it was set up so that, if scanned, all the printer components would appear to be correct.[5]

The package intercepted in England also contained a Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet P2055 desktop laser printer, with a toner cartridge inside it filled with the explosives.[32][35]

الملاحقة

Terrorists would have been able to track the locations of the bomb packages online, to time the detonations of the bombs.[19] Package delivery firms such as UPS send minute-by-minute shipment location information to customers by e-mail or phone, when a package is dispatched and every time the package is scanned.[19]

In September 2010, U.S. intelligence had intercepted several packages that were being shipped from Yemen to Chicago which were linked to AQAP.[27] They had searched the packages, but not found any explosives; only books, papers, CDs, and other household items.[27] The packages were permitted to continue to what appeared to be “random addresses” in Chicago.[27] After the attempted attack, the authorities believed that it is possible that the September parcels may have been a test run for the terrorist attack.[27] The hour-by-hour locations of the packages shipped in September could be tracked by the sender on the shippers’ websites, and may have been used by the plotters to plan the routes and timing for the two bombs.[27] That would have allowed them to estimate when planes carrying the bombs would be over Chicago or another city, and conceivably enable them to set timers on the two bombs to trigger explosions where they would cause the greatest damage.[27]

التفجير

British Prime Minister David Cameron and officials in the U.S. believe that it is most likely that the bombs were designed to detonate as the planes were in flight, destroying the planes carrying the bombs in mid-air.[4][5][7] Britain's Home Secretary, Theresa May, said British investigators concluded the U.K. device was “viable and could have exploded”, and that had the device detonated, "the aircraft could have been brought down”.[7] Brennan also said that the bombs were each powerful enough to bring down a plane, that they "were able to be detonated at a time of the terrorists' choosing", and "did not need someone to actually physically detonate them."[19]

Brennan said it was not clear whether those attempting the bombing had known, or could have known, whether the packages would be carried on cargo or passenger planes.[5] Most freight to the U.S. is carried on passenger flights.[36]

The Dubai bomb's electrical circuit connected to a mobile-phone SIM card.[19] Police think the terrorists planned to detonate the bomb by sending a text message or telephoning the SIM card phone number.[19] A text message would have been enough to activate a short fuse on the bomb, detonating the PETN hidden in the printer.[19]

The Washington Post reported on November 2 that an official said that both bombs were wired to detonators that used cell phone technology, and reported that it still was not clear whether those detonators would have been set off by telephone calls or by an internal alarm.[37] However, The New York Times reported concurrently that according to American officials, both bombs contained circuit boards from cellphones which apparently were being used as timers, because the SIM cards necessary to receive calls were missing.[32]

الاكتشاف

Frank Cilluffo, the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at George Washington University, said: "It is evident that had we not had the intelligence, our security countermeasures would not have identified these improvised explosive devices."[38] PETN is difficult to detect because it has a very low vapor pressure at room temperature, meaning very little of it gets into the air around the bomb, where it can be detected.[39]

Qatar Airways said that "the explosives discovered [which it carried] were of a sophisticated nature whereby they could not be detected by X-ray screening or trained sniffer dogs", and were only discovered after an intelligence tip-off.[23]

Both parcels were X-rayed in Sanaa, and the one in Dubai was X-rayed there, without the bombs being spotted.[9] The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA; the German Federal Criminal Police Office) received copies of the Dubai X-rays, and one BKA investigator said that German security staff would not have identified the bomb either.[9]

Suspects

The U.S. and U.K. suspect Al-Qaeda was behind the attack. U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security, Janet Napolitano, British Home Secretary Theresa May, and Dubai police all noted that these types of explosives are "hallmarks" of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[23][40]

Anwar al-Awlaki, whom U.S. and U.K. officials believe was behind the attack

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أنور العولقي

قالب:Main:أنور العولقي The Guardian reported that unnamed U.S. counter-terrorism officials suspected that Anwar al-Awlaki of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula was behind the plot. Al-Awlaki has also been linked to the Fort Hood shooting and the failed Christmas Day bombing, as well as other terrorist incidents.[41] In addition, when Brennan was asked about al-Awlaki's suspected involvement in the plot, he said: "Anybody associated with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is a subject of concern."[41] The New York Times reported that "some analysts believe the [attempted Chicago bombing] may also be linked to Mr. Awlaki".[42] The Daily Telegraph reported that "U.S. and British security officials believe" al-Awlaki was behind the attack.[2]

President Obama had previously put al-Awlaki on a targeted killing list.[43]

ابراهيم حسن العسيري

المقالة الرئيسية: ابراهيم حسن العسيري

U.S. officials suggested that Ibrahim Hassan al-Asiri, the main explosives expert for Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, is a likely suspect due to his history of creating explosive devices using PETN, including his involvement in the failed Christmas Day bomb plot.[22][19][3] Brennan said that evidence suggested the same person constructed both the Yemen parcel bombs and the device worn by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the Nigerian who attempted to ignite the Christmas Day bomb on a plane in 2009.[23] One of the detonators was nearly precisely the same as the one used in the Christmas Day attack.[44]

Al-Asri had previously recruited his younger brother as a suicide bomber. His brother tried to kill Prince Nayef in 2008, using a 1-pound (454 gram) PETN bomb that al-Asri had hidden in his brother's rectum.[45][46][23][47][48][49][50] The brother approached the Prince and detonated the bomb, dying in the attempt as he blew himself up. Nayef survived with minor injuries.[47][51]

Released suspect

On October 30, 2010, a 22-year-old female Yemeni engineering student was arrested in Sana'a, Yemen, on suspicion of shipping the packages. Her mother was also arrested. Both were released by the following day, as officials in Yemen determined that the student's identity had been stolen, and she had not dropped off the packages. She and her mother are no longer considered suspects.[23][52]

Response

Detection of explosives in one of the packages triggered security alerts in the U.S., the United Kingdom, and the Middle East. International shipping services FedEx and UPS suspended their shipping operations in Yemen, and assisted investigators. Yemeni authorities asked FedEx and UPS to close their local offices, and began an investigation.[22]

An Emirates flight containing a package in transit from Yemen to the U.S. was intercepted by Canadian and American fighter jets, and escorted to its destination as a precaution. Two FedEx planes containing packages originating from Yemen were also searched.[53]

U.S. President Barack Obama and his administration reacted quickly to the incident, making public statements that it was a "credible threat". A New York Times opinion piece suggested that the quick response would be well received politically for the 2010 United States elections.[54]

The U.K., U.S., Germany, and France stopped accepting freight package cargo shipments from Yemen, and the Netherlands and Canada suspended all cargo flights from Yemen.[55][56] Germany also suspended passenger flights from Yemen, until further notice.[3] Britain also stopped accepting air cargo from Somalia, and prohibited passengers from carrying printer cartridges on flights.[37] British Prime Minister David Cameron and officials in the U.S. believe that it is most likely that the bombs were designed to detonate as the planes were in flight, destroying the planes carrying the bombs in mid-air.[4][5][7] Britain's Home Secretary, Theresa May, said British investigators concluded the U.K. device was “viable and could have exploded”, and that had the device detonated, "the aircraft could have been brought down”.[7] Brennan also said that the bombs were each powerful enough to bring down a plane, that they "were able to be detonated at a time of the terrorists' choosing", and "did not need someone to actually physically detonate them."[19]

Brennan said it was not clear whether those attempting the bombing had known, or could have known, whether the packages would be carried on cargo or passenger planes.[5] Most freight to the U.S. is carried on passenger flights.[36]

In any event, James Halstead, a consultant with Aviation Economics, said "In a worst case, it would stop world trade. UPS and FedEx would probably go bust. We'd have a full-disaster scenario."[9]

Out of an abundance of caution, a Delta jet (Flight 90) from Tokyo, Japan's Narita International Airport to Portland International Airport, Portland, Oregon was forced to land early after boxcutters were discovered onboard. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Border and Customs Patrol responded and the deplaning of the passengers went smoothly, with all cooperating.

انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Chicago Synagogue Cites Web Visits From Egypt, Lauren Etter, The Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  2. ^ أ ب Sean Rayment, Patrick Hennessy, and David Barrett (October 30, 2010). "Yemen cargo bomb plot may have been targeted at Britain". Telegraph. Retrieved October 31, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث "Al-Qaeda plot: flight ban on freight from Somalia". Telegraph. November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  4. ^ أ ب ت http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/01terror.html
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/01terror.html?src=mv
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  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/world/31terror.html
  8. ^ NPR staff (October 30, 2010). "Story Of The U.S.-Bound Explosives Emerges". NPR. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Foiled Parcel Plot: World Scrambles to Tighten Air Cargo Security". Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  10. ^ Crumley, Bruce (November 1, 2010). "Focus on al-Qaeda Mastermind Allegedly Behind Parcel Bombs". TIME. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  11. ^ David Williams (November 1, 2010). "Al Qaeda 'ink bombs' had 8 times the explosives needed to down plane". Daily Mail. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  12. ^ أ ب Soltis, Andy. "Bomb parcel tip-off came from al Qaeda turncoat". The New York Post. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  13. ^ Julian Borger, Chris McGreal, and Tom Finn. "Cargo plane bomb plot: Saudi double agent 'gave crucial alert'". The Guardian. Retrieved November 2, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ Goldman, Adam (May 19, 2008). "2 passenger planes carried explosives". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  16. ^ أ ب "Terrorist Bombers May Have Targeted Aircraft". Fox News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
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  18. ^ [2]
  19. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر "How many more bombs out there?: Device found in Dubai had been on two PASSENGER flights, airline reveals". Daily Mail. November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: Text "David Williams and Rebecca Camber" ignored (help)
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  21. ^ [3]
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  26. ^ [4]
  27. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/03/world/03terror.html
  28. ^ أ ب Kimberly Dozier and Adam Goldman (November 1, 2010). "Mail bombs 4 times larger than Christmas plot". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  29. ^ أ ب http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/world/02terror.html?src=twrhp
  30. ^ [5]
  31. ^ Prince, Rosa (November 2, 2010). "Al-Qaeda plot: David Cameron 11 hours in dark over bomb". Telegraph. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  32. ^ أ ب ت http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/world/02terror.html
  33. ^ [6]
  34. ^ Richard T. Griffiths (October 29, 2010). "Intercepted device likely a cell phone, photo analysis shows". CNN.. See [7] for general information about the Bird D736.
  35. ^ [8]
  36. ^ أ ب Gordon Rayner and Duncan Gardham. "Cargo plane bomb plot: al-Qaeda terrorists 'threatened another Lockerbie'". Telegraph. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  37. ^ أ ب Matt Apuzzo and Eileen Sullivan. "Officials suspect Sept. dry run for bomb plot". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
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  39. ^ [9]
  40. ^ [10]
  41. ^ أ ب Dodd, Vikram (October 29, 2010). "Yemen bomb scare 'mastermind' lived in London". The Guardian. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  42. ^ Worth, Robert (October 29, 2010). "Yemen Emerges as Base for Qaeda Attacks on U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  43. ^ Joshua Greenman (October 31, 2010). "President Obama's handling of Yemen bomb package scare may help him on Election Day". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  44. ^ Frank Gardner (November 1, 2010). "Saudi man 'key suspect' in jet bomb plot, says US". BBC News. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  45. ^ Andrew England (November 1, 2010). "Bomb clues point to Yemeni terrorists". Financial Times. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  46. ^ Julian Borger, Chris McGreal, and Tom Finn (November 1, 2010). "Cargo plane bomb plot: Saudi double agent 'gave crucial alert'". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ أ ب Chris McGreal. "Ibrahim Hassan al-Asiri: the prime bombmaking suspect". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  48. ^ Chris McGreal and Vikram Dodd (October 31, 2010). "Cargo bombs plot: US hunts Saudi extremist". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  49. ^ Mark Mazzetti and Robert Worth (November 1, 2010). "Bomb investigations lead to al-Qaeda in Yemen". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
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  52. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/world/01terror.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
  53. ^ How it happened: Air cargo security alert, BBC World News, October 29, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  54. ^ President Obama's handling of Yemen bomb package scare may help him on Election Day, The New York Daily News, October 31, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  55. ^ Matt Zuvela (November 1, 2010). "Authorities review airport security after failed bomb plot". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
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