الحروب السمنية

Samnite Wars
Map showing expansion of Roman sphere of influence from the Latin War (340–338 BC) to the defeat of the Insubres (222 BC)
التاريخ 1st: 343–341 BC 2nd: 326–304 BC 3rd: 298–290 BC الموقع Central Italy and parts of southern Italy النتيجة Roman control over much of central Italy and part of southern Italy (the modern regions of Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania and Basilicata and Northern Apulia)
المتحاربون
Roman Republic, Latin allies, Campanians	Samnites, Aequi, some Hernici, Etruscans, Umbrians, Senone Gauls, some northern Apulian towns

الحروب السمنية الأولى والثانية والثالثة (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains to the south of Rome and the north of the Lucanians. The first of these wars was the result of Rome's intervening to rescue the Campanian city of Capua from a Samnite attack. The second one was the result of Rome's intervention in the politics of the city of Naples and developed into a contest over the control of much of central and southern Italy. The third war also involved a struggle over the control of this part of Italy. The wars extended over half a century and the peoples to the east, north and west of Samnium (land of the Samnites) as well as the peoples of central Italy north of Rome (the Etruscans, Umbrians and Picenti) and the Senone Gauls got involved to various degrees and at various points in time. The Samnites were one of early Rome's most formidable rivals.

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 الحرب السمنية الأولى (343 إلى 341 ق.م.)

Livy is the only preserved source to give a continuous account of the war which has become known in modern historiography as the First Samnite War. In addition, the Fasti Triumphales records two Roman triumphs dating to this war and some of the events described by Livy are also mentioned by other ancient writers.

 الانتصارات الرومانية الثلاث

Samnite soldiers from a tomb frieze in Nola, 4th century BC

 الحرب السمنية الثالثة (298 إلى 290 ق.م.)

A ceremonial Attic helmet typical of many found in Samnite tombs, c. 300 BC

 خط زمني

المقالة الرئيسية: Timeline of the Samnite Wars

الحرب السمنية الأولى (344 إلى 341 ق.م.)

• 343 BC – Start of the First Samnite War.
• 342 BC – Battle of Mount Gaurus.
• 341 BC – Rome withdraws from the conflict with the Samnites and enters the Latin War on the side of the Samnites.

الحرب السمنية الثانية (أو الكبرى) (326 إلى 304 ق.م.)

• 327 BC – The Samnites declared war.
• 327 BC – Start of the Roman siege of Neapolis.
• 326 BC – Capture of Neapolis (Naples).
• 325 BC – Land of the Vestini ravaged and two of their towns seized by Romans because they had allied with the Samnites.
• 324 BC – Samnites defeated and sued for peace, but granted only a one-year truce.
• 324 BC – First Roman operations in Daunia, northern Apulia.
• 321 BC – Roman humiliation at the Caudine Forks.
• 320 BC – Destruction of Fregellae by the Samnites.
• 320 BC – Romans seized Luceria and freed the Romans hostages.
• 319 BC – Romans subdued Satricum, which had rebelled and hosted a Samnite garrison.
• 318 BC – Samnites sought peace. Rome tuned this down.
• 318 BC – The Apulian the cities of Teanum and Canusium submitted to Rome.
• 317 BC – Romans seized Nerulum in Lucania.
• 316 BC – Roman besieged Saticula.
• 316 BC – Samnites besieged Plistica.
• 315 BC – Samnites seized Plistica.
• 315 BC – Battle of Lautulae, Roman defeat
• 313 BC – Romans seized Nola.
• 314 BC – Romans destroyed the Ausoni cities of Ausona, Minturnae and Vescia.
• 314 BC – Romans defeated Samnites near Capua.
• 314 BC – Romans seized Sora.
• 313 BC – Romans established colonies at Suessa Aurunca, Interamna Sucasina and the island of Pontiae.
• 313 BC – Samnites seized Roman garrison at Cluvius, Romans retook it.
• 313 BC – Romans sacked Bovianum.
• 311 BC – Romans defeated Samnites at unspecified location in Samnium.
• 311 BC – Beginning of war in Etruria, Etruscans besieged Sutrium, indecisive battle with Romans.
• 311 BC – Romans defeated Etruscans near Sutrium.
• 311 BC – Marcus Fabius' expedition through the Cimian Forest.
• 310 BC – Romans defeat Etruscans at unspecified location.
• 310 BC – The Etruscan cities of Perusia and Cortona and Arretium sued for peace and obtained a thirty-year truce.
• 310 BC – Battle of Lake Vadimo - Roman victory, the battle was said to have broken the might of the Etruscans for the first time.
• 310 BC – Samnites fought the consul Gaius Marcius at unspecified location, indecisive battle, Romans lost several officers, consul wounded.
• 309 BC – Etruscans broke the truce, Romans defeated them near Perusia.
• 309 BC – Rome refused peace offers by Nuceria Alfaterna and seized it.
• 309 BC – Romans defeated Marsi and Paeligni who had allied with Samnites in separate battles at unspecified locations.
• 309 BC – Etruscans sued for peace, Rome only granted a one-year truce.
• 306 BC – Romans fought campaign against Salentini of southern Apulia and seized several towns
• 306 BC – Samnites defeated near Allifae, some Hernici troops found among the enemy ranks, Rome investigated this, Hernici revolt.
• 305 BC – Samnites and Hernici isolated one of the Roman consul each, Hernici surrendered, Samnites defeated.
• 305 BC – Battle at Tifenum in Samnium, according to one source Romans defeated, according to another, they withdrew.
• 305 BC – Romans defeated Samnites at unspecified location in Samnium.
• 305 BC – Romans besieged Bovianum.
• 304 BC – Samnites sued for peace, end of the war.

الحرب السمنية الثالثة (298 إلى 290 ق.م.)

• 298 BC – Start of the Third Samnite War.
• 298 BC – Battle of Volterrae.
• 298 BC – The Romans capture the Samnite cities of Bovianum and Aufidena and/or, according to a dubious inscription, Taurasia and Cisauna.
• 297 BC – Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeats the Samnites near Tifernum.
• 296 BC – Publius Decius Mus seized Murgantia, Romulea and Ferentium.
• 295 BC – Battle of Sentinum.
• 294 BC – The Samintes nearly seized a Roman camp in an unspecified location but are repelled.
• 294 BC – Lucius Postumius seized Milionia and Feritrum, two unidentified Samnite towns and defeated Volsini in Etruria.
• 294 BC – Marcus Atilius was defeated at Luceria, but won another battle the next day. He then defeated Samnites who were trying to seize Interamna.
• 293 BC – Lucius Papirius seized Aquilonia and Saepinum in Samnium.
• 293 BC – Spurius Carvilius seized Cominium, Velia, Palumbinum and Herculaneum in Samnium.
• 293 BC – Spurius Carvilius seized Troilum and five fortresses in Etruria.
• 292 BC – Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges defeated by Caudine Samnites, then defeated them with the help of his father Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus.
• 291 BC – Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges seized Cominium Ocritum, a stronghold of the Pentri Samnites.
• 291 BC – Lucius Postimius Megellus seized Venusia, the chief town of the Hirpini Samnites.
• 290 BC – Roman operations to mop up last pockets of Samnite resistance; end of the war.

 ببليوگرافيا

المصادر الرئيسية

Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Aeterna Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1785165498

Diodorus Siculus I: The Historical Library in Forty Books: Volume I, Sophron; 1 edition, 2014, ISBN 978-0989783620

Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History,CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014, ISBN 978-1499683073

Frontinus, Stratagems and Aqueducts of Rome (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989, ISBN 978-0674991927

Livy, Rome's Italian Wars: Books 6–10 (Oxford's World's Classics). Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0199564859

المصادر الثانوية

• Cornell, TJ (1995), The Beginnings of Rome — Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC), New York: Routledge , 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7
• Ross Cowan, Roman Conquests: Italy, Barnsley, 2009.
• Forsythe, Gary (2005), A Critical History of Early Rome, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24991-7 
• Lukas Grossmann: Roms Samnitenkriege. Historische und historiographische Untersuchungen zu den Jahren 327 bis 290 v. Chr., Düsseldorf 2009.
• Oakley, SP (1998), A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume II: Books VII–VIII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-815226-2 
• Oakley, SP (2008), A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume IV: Book X, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-923785-2 
• Salmon, ET (1967), Samnium and the Samnites, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-13572-6 

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 وصلات خارجية

• Warriors of the Samnite Wars
• The Samnite Pilum
• The Battles of Bovianum, 311 BC