الجيش الإندونيسي

الجيش الإندونيسي
Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat
TNI-AD
Insignia of the Indonesian Army.svg
Insignia of Indonesian Army
تأسست5 أكتوبر 1945; منذ 79 سنة (1945-10-05
البلد إندونيسيا
الولاءIndonesian Presidential Seal gold.svg رئيس إندونيسيا
النوعArmy
الدور
الحجم300,000[1]
جزء من Indonesian National Armed Forces
HeadquartersMenteng, Jakarta
الشعار اللفظيKartika Eka Paksi
(Sanskrit, lit: "Unmatchable Bird with Noble Goals")
الألوان  Army green
المشيةMars Kartika Eka Paksi
تواريخ هامة15 December (إندونيسية: Hari Juang Kartika, lit: "Kartika's Fight Day")
الاشتباكاتIndonesian National Revolution
Darul Islam Rebellion
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
East Timor Invasion
Counter-insurgency in Aceh
Counter-insurgency in Maluku
Papua conflict
Operation Tinombala
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.tniad.mil.id
القادة
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Joko Widodo
Chief of Staff of the ArmyGeneral Andika Perkasa
Vice Chief of Staff of the ArmyLieutenant General Bakti Agus Fadjari
Inspector General of the ArmyLieutenant General Benny Susianto
Advisor Chief of Staff of the ArmyLieutenant General Wisnoe Prasetja Boedi
الشارات
FlagFlag of the Indonesian Army.svg
Army Aviation RoundelRoundel of Indonesia – Army Aviation.svg Roundel of Indonesia – Army Aviation – Low Visibility.svg
Army Ensign & Fin flashFlag of Indonesia.svg

The Indonesian Army (إندونيسية: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), literally "Indonesian National Military-Land Force") is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel.[1] The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "Civil Security Forces" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.[2]

Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku, and Papua. The army's operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.[3][4]

The Indonesia Army is composed of a headquarters, 15 military region commands, a strategic reserve command KOSTRAD, a special forces command Kopassus, and various adjunct units. It is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Army (Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat – KSAD or KASAD).

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التاريخ

التشكيل

الحراك ضد التمردات

Indonesian Army soldiers in Sinai, 1957. They were part of the Garuda Contingent working under the UNEF



1960 فصاعدا

Members of the Sarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF), North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA) and the Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation



التنظيم

Indonesian Army Infantry soldiers from Kostrad and Raider Infantry during a ceremony



عناصر القايدة

  • Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army, position held by a four-star general.
  • Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, position held by a three-star general.
  • Inspector General of the Army, position held by three-star general.
  • Advisor Chief of Staff of the Army, position held by three-star general.

عناصر القيادة المساعدة

  • Army Planning and Budgeting Advisor
  • Army Intelligence Advisor
  • Army Operational Advisor
  • Army Training Advisor
  • Army Human Resources Advisor
  • Army Logistics Advisor
  • Army Territorial Advisor

عناصر الخدمة

  • Army HQ Detachment (Detasemen Markas Besar TNI AD)

الوكالات التنفيذية المركزية

  1. Army Territorial Forces Center (Pusat Teritorial TNI Angkatan Darat), In charge of fostering and conducting Territorial defense and development functions in order to support the basic missions entrusted to the Army.
  2. Army Military Police Center (Pusat Polisi Militer TNI Angkatan Darat)
  3. Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat Gatot Soebroto)
  4. Army Aviation Center (Pusat Penerbangan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  5. Army Medical Center (Pusat Kesehatan TNI Angkatan Darat), in charge of maintaining the health of army service personnel.
  6. Center of the Army Corps of Engineers (Pusat Zeni TNI Angkatan Darat)
  7. Army Communications Corps Center (Pusat Perhubungan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  8. Army Ordnance Center (Pusat Peralatan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  9. Army Logistics and Transportation Center (Pusat Pembekalan Angkutan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  10. Indonesian Military Academy (Akademi Militer / Akmil)
  11. Army Officer Candidate School (Sekolah Calon Perwira Angkatan Darat (Secapaad))
  12. Army Command and Staff School (Sekolah Staf dan Komando TNI Angkatan Darat/ Seskoad)
  13. Army Intelligence Center (Pusat Intelijen TNI Angkatan Darat), provides intelligence gathering services to the Army.
  14. Army Signal and Cyber Operations Center (Pusat Sandi dan Siber TNI Angkatan Darat)
  15. Directorate of the Army Adjudant General (Direktorat Ajudan Jenderal TNI Angkatan Darat)
  16. Directorate of the Army Topography Service (Direktorat Topografi TNI Angkatan Darat)
  17. Directorate of the Army Justice Service (Direktorat Hukum TNI Angkatan Darat)
  18. Directorate of the Army Finance Corps (Direktorat Keuangan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  19. Army Physical Fitness and Sports Department (Dinas Jasmani TNI Angkatan Darat), In charge of physical fitness functions including the formation, upgrading and maintenance towards personnel and units within the Army organization.[5]
  20. Department of the Army Chaplaincy (Dinas Pembinaan Mental TNI Angkatan Darat). This agency is in charge of organizing mental guidance for soldiers and civil servants and their families through mentality of spiritual and ideological mentoring in order to support the main task of the Army.
  21. Department of the Army Psychology Service (Dinas Psikologi TNI Angkatan Darat), In charge of psychological affairs towards Army personnel and servicemen in order to support Army operational conducts. This agency is also involved in selection of candidates, career development and personality of member personnel, psychological feasibility evaluation of members, development of research related to psychology and army in the field of social, war strategy, and planning.
  22. Department of the Army Research and Development (Dinas Penelitian dan Pengembangan TNI Angkatan Darat), Responsible for planning and developing equipment and facilities for the army and led by a brigadier general.
  23. Department of the Army History Service (Dinas Sejarah TNI Angkatan Darat) - Responsible for research studies and on activities on promoting and preserving the history and heritage of the Army.
  24. Department of the Army Information and Data Processing (Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data TNI Angkatan Darat)
  25. Department of the Army Public Relations (Dinas Penerangan TNI Angkatan Darat), In charge of delivering information and explanation of activities and incidents associated with the Army to the public in order to support the operational duties of the Army.
  26. Department of the Army Assurance Service (Dinas Kelaikan TNI Angkatan Darat)
  27. Department of the Army Procurement Service (Dinas Pengadaan TNI Angkatan Darat)

القيادات الرئيسية تحت قيادة الجيش

القيادة الإستراتيجية للجيش

Soldiers from Kostrad
  • 17th Airborne Raider infantry Brigade Kujang I
    • Brigade HQ
    • 305th Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Tengkorak
    • 328th Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Dirgahayu
    • 330th Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Tri Dharma
  • 13th Infantry Brigade (Raider)
    • 303rd Raider Infantry Battalion
    • 321st Raider Infantry Battalion
    • 323rd Raider Infantry Battalion
  • 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, Sadang, Purwakarta, West Java
    • 9th Field Artillery Battalion, Purwakarta
    • 10th Field Artillery Battalion, Bogor
    • 13th Field Artillery Battalion, Sukabumi
  • 1st Light Air Defense Artillery Battalion ('Yon Arhanudri 1')
  • 1st Cavalry Battalion/Badak Ceta Cakti with Leopard 2 Revolution tanks
  • 9th Parachutist Combat Engineer Battalion
  • 2nd Supply and Transportation Battalion
  • 1st Infantry Division Cavalry Reconnaissance Company
  • 1st Infantry Division Transportation Company
  • 1st Infantry Division Field Maintenance Company
  • 1st Infantry Division Medical Company
  • 1st Infantry Division Military Police Company
  • 1st Infantry Division Adjutant General's Office
    • 6th Raider Infantry Brigade (Mechanized)
      • 411st Raider Infantry Battalion (Mechanized)
      • 412nd Raider Infantry Battalion (Mechanized)/Bharata Eka Sakti
      • 413rd Infantry Battalion (Mechanized)
    • 9th Infantry Brigade (Raider)
      • 509th Raider Infantry Battalion
      • 514th Raider Infantry Battalion
      • 515th Raider Infantry Battalion
    • 18th Airborne Raider Brigade
      • 501st Parachute Infantry Battalion
      • 502nd Parachute Infantry Battalion
      • 503rd Parachute Infantry Battalion
    • 1st Field Artillery Regiment
    • 2nd Light Air-defence Artillery Battalion
    • 8th Tank Battalion with Leopard 2A4 tanks
    • 10th Combat Engineers Battalion
    • 2nd Supply Battalion
    • 2nd Division Reconnaissance Cavalry Troop
    • 2nd Division Transportation Company
    • 2nd Division Field Mechanical Depot Company
    • 2nd Division Field Medical Company
    • 2nd Division Military Police Company
    • 2nd Division Adjutant General's Corps
  • 3rd Parachute Raider Infantry Brigade/Tri Budi Sakti
    • Brigade HQ.
    • 431st Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Satria Setia Perkasa.
    • 432nd Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Waspada Setia Jaya.
    • 433rd Para Raider Infantry Battalion/Julu Siri.
  • 20th Raider Infantry Brigade/Ima Jaya Keramo
    • Brigade HQ.
    • 750th Raider Infantry Battalion (under formation)
    • 754th Raider Infantry Battalion
    • 755th Raider Infantry Battalion
  • 6th Field Artillery Battalion
  • 14th Infantry Division Cavalry Reconnaissance Company
  • 16th Medium Air Defense Artillery Battalion
  • Division Combat Engineers Battalion (under formation)
  • 3rd Kostrad Military Police Detachment
  • 3rd Division Field Maintenance Company
  • 3rd Division Field Medical Company
  • 3rd Division Transportation Battalion
  • 3rd Division Adjutant General's Office


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عقيدة الجيش ، قيادة تطوير التعليم والتدريب

  • Kodiklatad HQ, located in Bandung, West Java
  • Infantry Branch Centre (Pusat Kesenjataan Infanteri (Pussenif)) located in Bandung
  • Cavalry Branch Centre (Pusat Kesenjataan Kavaleri (Pussenkav)) located in Bandung
  • Air Defense Artillery Branch Centre (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Pertahanan Udara (Pussenarhanud)) located in Cimahi
  • Field Artillery Branch Centre (Pusat Kesenjataan Artileri Medan (Pussenarmed)) located in Cimahi
  • Combat Operations Training Centre (Pusat Latihan Tempur TNI AD (Puslatpur TNI AD)) located in Baturaja
  • Combat Simulation Centre (Pusat Simulasi Tempur TNI AD (Pussimpur TNI AD)) located in Bandung
  • Army Branch Training Centres (Pusdik Kecabangan):
    • Infantry Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Infanteri (Pusdikif)) in Bandung
    • Cavalry Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Kavaleri (Pusdikkav)) in Padalarang
    • Air Defense Artillery Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Artileri Pertahanan Udara (Pusdikarhanud)) in Malang, East Java
    • Field Artillery Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Artileri Medan (Pusdikarmed)) in Cimahi
    • Women's Army Corps Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Korps Wanita TNI AD (Pusdikkowad)) in Lembang
    • Finance Corps Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Keuangan (Pusdikku)) in Bandung
    • Physical Fitness and Sports Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Jasmani (Pusdikjas)) in Cimahi
    • Military Police Corps Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Polisi Militer (Pusdikpom)) in Cimahi
    • Army Signals Corps Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Perhubungan (Pusdikhub)) in Cimahi
    • Territorial Defense Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Teritorial (Pusdikter)) in Bandung
    • Transportation and Logistics Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Pembekalan Angkutan (Pusdikbekang)) in Cimahi
    • Ordnance Corps Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Peralatan (Pusdikpal)) in Cimahi
    • Topography Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Topografi (Pusdiktop)) in Bandung
    • Corps of Engineers Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Zeni (Pusdikzi)) in Bogor
    • Army Medical School (Pusat Pendidikan Kesehatan (Pusdikkes)) in Jakarta
    • Intelligence Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Intelijen (Pusdikintel)) in Bogor
    • Adjudant General's Corps Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Ajudan Jenderal (Pusdikajen)) in Lembang
    • Army Justice Corps Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Hukum (Pusdikkum)) in Jakarta
    • General Military Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Pengetahuan Militer Umum (Pusdikpengmilum)) in Cimahi
    • Army Aviation Command Training School (Pusat Pendidikan Penerbang Angkatan Darat (Pusdikpenerbad)) in Semarang
    • Army Scientific and Technological Application Review Agency (Lembaga Pengkajian Teknologi/STTAD (Lemjiantek)) in Bandung
    • Army Polytechnic (Politeknik Angkatan Darat (Poltekad)) in Malang
    • Regional Training Regiments (Resimen Induk Daerah Militer (Rindam)) assigned to all 15 Regional Military Commands of the Army

قيادة القوات الخاصة

Lambang Kopassus.png Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 5,530 divided is composed of five groups, Grup 1/Parakomando (Para Commando), Grup 2/Parakomando (Para Commando), Special Force Training Centre (Pusat Pendidikan Pasukan Khusus (Training)), Grup 3/Sandhi Yudha (Combat Intelligence), SAT 81/Penanggulangan Teror (Counter-terrorism); plus personnel of the Presidential Guard Brigade (Paspampres) and headquarters.[6] Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are para-commando qualified. Kopassus is known for its roles in high-risk operations such as the Woyla hijacking and the Mapenduma hostage crisis. However, Kopassus is also known for its alleged human right abuses in East Timor and Papua. Personnel of the unit are distinguished by their red berets, similar to most paratrooper and special forces units in the world.

القيادات الإقليمية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Regional Military Command
The Military Area Commands (Komanda Daerah Militer, or KODAM) as of 2021
  • KODAM: Regional Military Command (Provincial level) - commanded by a Major General
  • KOREM: Military Area Command (Covering large areas or residencies) - further divided into 2 type, A and B, commanded by a Brigadier General and Colonel respectively
  • KODIM: Military District Command (City or Regency level) - further divided, into 3 type, independent, A and B, commanded by a Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and Major respectively.
  • KORAMIL: Military District Command Sector (Kecamatan level) - further divided into 2 type, A and B, commanded by a Major and Captain respectively.


Jayakarta Military Area Command headquarters.


الفروع

العناصر القتالية

Indonesian Army Infantry soldiers
للمزيد من المعلومات: Indonesian Army infantry battalions
للمزيد من المعلومات: Indonesian Army infantry brigades


    • Regular Infantry soldiers wear: Green Beret with crossed-rifle insignia
    • Kostrad infantrymen wear: Green Beret with Kostrad emblem, (Airborne units are added a paratrooper wing insignia on the beret)
    • Raider infantrymen wear: Dark Green beret with Raider bayonet emblem
    • Mechanized Infantrymen wear: Dark Green beret with Mechanized Infantry emblem

There are today 5 types of Infantry battalions in the Indonesian Army, which are:

  1. Para-Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated "Yonif Para Raider"): are Airborne infantry battalions part of Kostrad which are also capable in Air assault and Raid operations.
  2. Mechanized-Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated "Yonif Mekanis Raider"): are Raider infantry battalions which are Mechanized that are special operations-capable which also can carry out urban warfare and ground mechanized infantry operations.
  3. Raider Infantry Battalion (abbreviated "Yonif Raider"): are infantry battalions which are basically trained for Raid warfare and Air assault operations.
  4. Mechanized Infantry Battalion (abbreviated "Yonif Mekanis"): are mobilized infantry battalions, equipped with APCs and IFVs.
  5. Infantry Battalion (abbreviated "Yonif"): are light Infantry battalions.


عناصر الدعم القتالي

The 1st (Falatehan) Air Defense Artillery Regiment of the Kodam Jaya military district
Leopard 2 tanks during parade at the ceremony of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Day
  • Cavalry (KAV): (Indonesian: Kavaleri) is the armored forces unit of the army. Its main function is as a combat support element. Cavalry units do not just rely on Tanks, APCs and IFVs as combat assets, but also use horses specially trained for combat and combat support operations in any terrain. Troopers wear black berets. The cavalry unit is under the Cavalry Branch Centre (Pussenkav).
  • Field Artillery (ARM): (Indonesian: Artileri Medan/ARMED) is the artillery unit of the army. It also acts as a combat support similar to the cavalry unit. Its main function is to support ground combat mission for the Infantry Branch. Brown berets are worn by its gunners. The Field Artillery units is under the Field Artillery Branch Centre (Pussenarmed).
  • Air Defense Artillery (ARH): (Indonesian: Artileri Pertahanan Udara /Arhanud) are the anti-aircraft defense units of the army. Its main function to defend other ground units from an air attack and help to protect installations from destruction. Like the Field Artillery, Brown berets are worn by its gunners and missile crews. The Air Defense Artillery units report to the Air Defense Artillery Branch Centre (Pussenarhanud). This unit has 4 detachments of missile artillery units called: "Den Rudal" (Detasemen Rudal).


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عناصر الدعم

  • Army Corps of Engineers (CZI): (Indonesian: Korps Zeni) - The Corps of Engineers is specialty branch of the army whose primary function as a combat support, such as the construction of military bridges for vehicles to pass by or converting highways into temporary runways. Another function of this unit is to expand troop movements and narrowing enemy movements while assisting friendly units. The Corps of Engineers are also involved in relief operations in the aftermath of calamities and in building civil projects in the local communities. Engineers, regardless of rank, wear Grey berets or construction helmets in their uniforms. The unit is under the Directorate of the Army Corps of Engineers.
  • Ordnance Corps (CPL): (Indonesian: Korps Peralatan) is a unit whose main function is the maintenance and testing of military ordnance. The unit is under the Directorate of the Army Ordnance Corps.
  • Signal Corps (CHB): (Indonesian: Korps Perhubungan) is a unit whose main function to deliver and maintain the best possible information to combat units. The unit is under the Directorate of the Army Signals Corps.
  • Army Aviation Command (CPN): (Indonesian: Korps Penerbang Angkatan Darat) - The army has its own small air arm that performs attack, liaison and transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in five helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235.

وحدات المساعدة الإدارية

Indonesian Military Policemen
  • Military Police Corps (CPM): (Indonesian: Polisi Militer/PM) is categorized as for the administration assistance unit. Its main function is to maintain of discipline, law and order within the entire Army. MP units wear either light blue berets which are dragged to the left or blue MP helmets. The Military Police is under the Army Military Police Command.
  • Adjutant General's Corps (CAJ): (Indonesian: Korps Ajudan Jenderal) this unit's main function is for the administration of the military, public and military civil servants affairs. The adjutant general unit is under the Directorate of the Army Adjudant General.
  • Logistics and Transportation Corps (CBA): (Indonesian: Korps Pembekalan Angkutan/Bekang) This unit's main function is to provide services and transport logistic cargo within the Indonesian Army. Dark blue berets are worn by its personnel. The Logistic Transportation Corps is under the Directorate of the Army Logistics and Transportation Corps.
  • Topographic Corps (CTP): (Indonesian: Korps Topografi) This unit's main function is to make topographic research and maps about the battlefield for the purposes of the Indonesian Army during combat operations. This unit is under the Directorate of the Army Topography Service
  • Women's Army Corps (CWAD): (Indonesian: Korps Wanita TNI-AD) Operationally dependent on Army commands and services the Women's Army Corps serves as the official administrative branch of women who actively spend their active military service in the ranks of the Army.
  • Army Corps of Bandsmen (CMU) (Indonesian: Korps Musik Upacara) - The Army Corps of Bandsmen, which is an administrative organization operationally dependent on Army commands and services, is responsible for the organization of the military bands, corps of drums and drum and bugle corps within the entire Army, alongside dedicated ensembles (big bands, rock and pop bands, native ensembles, etc.). Unlike the other support units these are under the direct control of their respective unit commanders as HQ units and overall supervision is under the Adjutant General's Corps.
  • Health and Medical Corps (CKM): (Indonesian: Korps Kesehatan/Medis Militer) This unit's main function is to maintain the health and medical wellness of all Army officers, warrant officers, NCOs and enlisted personnel. and their families. The health unit is under the Army Medical Department.
  • Finance Corps (CKU): (Indonesian: Korps Keuangan) This unit's main function is to foster the financial administration of the army. The finance unit is under the Directorate of the Army Finance Corps.
  • Judge Advocate General's Corps (CHK): (Indonesian: Korps Hukum Militer) This unit's main function is to maintain law and justice within the army. The law unit is under the command of Directorate of the Army Justice Service. This unit is also responsible for military courts, and military attorneys and judges report under this unit.

رئيس الأركان

المقالة الرئيسية: رئيس أركان الجيش الإندونيسي

الرتب العسكرية

المقالة الرئيسية: الرتب العسكرية الإندونيسية


الضباط

قالب:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Indonesia
Equivalent
NATO code		 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) and student officer

المجندون

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
الجيش الإندونيسي[7]
 12-TNI Army-CWO.svg 11-TNI Army-WO.svg Serma pdh ad.png Serka pdh ad.png Sertu pdh ad.png Serda pdh ad.png Kopka pdh ad.png Koptu pdh ad.png Kopda pdh ad.png Praka pdh ad.png Pratu pdh ad.png Prada pdh ad.png
Pembantu letnan satu
warrant officer 1st class 		Pembantu letnan dua
warrant officer 2nd class 		Sersan mayor
Sergeant Major 		Sersan kepala
Master Sergeant 		Sersan satu
Staff Sergeant 		Sersan dua
Sergeant 		Kopral kepala
Master Corporal 		Kopral satu
Corporal first class 		Kopral dua
Corporal 		Prajurit kepala
Master Private 		Prajurit satu
Private First Class 		Prajurit dua
Private

الأسلحة

نقد

مجندون إندونيسيون.jpg

في 12 أغسطس 2021، أعلن رئيس الأركان الإندونيسي أنديكا بيركاسا أن الجيش الإندونيسي أوقف ما يسمى اختبارات العذرية للمجندات. وجاء وقف الجيش الإندونيسي لاختبارات العذرية للمجندات، بعد دعوات من منظمات غير حكومية لإنهاء هذه الممارسة المؤلمة والمذلة. وقال بيركاسا للصحفيين في مدينة باليكبابان، في الجزء الإندونيسي من جزيرة بورنيو، "كان ذلك جزءا من التقييم (للمجندات) لكننا لم نعد نفعل ذلك.. الجيش يحاول باستمرار التعلم والتحسن"، وفقاً لما ذكرته فرانس برس. كذلك لفت رئيس الأركان إلى توقف الجيش عن إجراء الاختبارات نفسها لخطيبات الجنود قبل الموافقة على الزواج.[8]

وكانت السلطات العسكرية تؤكد دائماً أن "اختبار العذرية"، الذي يطلق عليه أيضاً مسمى "فحص الاصبعين" كان ضرورياً للتحقق من سلامة غشاء البكارة للمجندات بهدف استبعاد المرشحات اللواتي من شأن سلوكهن الجنسي الإضرار بصورة الجيش بحسب المروجين لهذه الممارسة.

غير أن منظمة الصحة العالمية تؤكد أن هذه الاختبارات ليست لها أي قيمة علمية كما لا تسمح بالجزم ما إذا كانت المرأة المعنية قد مارست الجنس فعلاً، وفقاً لفرانس برس. ورحبت اللجنة الوطنية لمكافحة العنف ضد المرأة بهذا الإعلان، لكنها طالبت الجيش بإصدار قواعد خطية حول هذا الموضوع، داعية القوات البحرية والجوية إلى أن تحذو حذوه.

وقالت رئيسة اللجنة تيريزيا إيسواريني "نحتاج إلى التأكد من إلغاء اختبارات العذرية"، مضيفة "هذا الاختبار تمييزي وتدخلي، وقد يخلّف شعورا بالخزي والخوف والصدمة لدى الضحايا"، بحسب فرانس برس. كما لقي هذا الإعلان ترحيبا من منظمة هيومن رايتس ووتش، التي تشجب هذه الممارسة منذ سنوات. وأشارت المنظمة إلى أن "اختبار العذرية هو شكل من أشكال العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي وممارسة تثير انتقادات كبيرة"، لافتة إلى أن "كل الهيئات العسكرية الإندونيسية لجأت إليه على مدى عقود لاختبار المجندات"، كما ذكرت فرانس برس. وجمعت عريضة على موقع تشاينج.أورگ تدين هذه الممارسة "المؤلمة والمهينة والتي تفتقر إلى أي أساس علمي"، حوالى 70 ألف توقيع.



انظر أيضاً


معرض الصور

الهوامش

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب IISS Military Balance 2012, 248. Figure may have not been updated by IISS since 2006 at least.
  2. ^ Daves, Joseph H (2013) The Indonesian Army from Revolusi to Reformasi ISBN 978-1492930938, p 15
  3. ^ Schwarz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s Allen & Unwin ISBN 1-86373-635-2, p 215
  4. ^ Hill-Smith, Charlie (2009) Strange Birds in Paradise: A West Papuan Story
  5. ^ Syukuran HUT Disjasad di Kodam Jaya, Pos Kota, 5 June 2013, http://poskotanews.com/2013/06/05/syukuran-hut-disjasad-di-kodam-jaya/, retrieved on 10 May 2017 
  6. ^ For further authoritative details on Kopassus, see Ken Conboy (2003) KOPASSUS Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, ISBN 979-95898-8-6.
  7. ^ "Pangkat Harian". tni.mil.id (in الإندونيسية). Indonesian National Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  8. ^ "الجيش الإندونيسي ينهي "اختبارات العذرية" للمجندات". سكاي نيوز عربية. 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

المراجع

  • Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01834-6.
  • Reid, Anthony. The Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1950. (Publisher: Longman Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 1974) ISBN 0-582-71046-4.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. (Second Edition. MacMillan, 1991)

قراءات إضافية

  • Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1978
  • Sukarti Rinakit, The Indonesian Military after the New Order, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen and Singapore, 2005

وصلات خارجية

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