إيستمي
| إيستمي Istämi | |
|---|---|
 الخاقانية التوركية الغربية | |
| يابغو الخاقانية التوركية الأولى | |
| العهد | 552-575 |
| تبعه | Tardu |
| قاغان | Bumin Qaghan (552–553) Issik Qaghan (553–554) Muqan Qaghan (554–572) Taspar Qaghan (572–574) |
| توفي | 575 |
| الأنجال | Tardu Tamgan |
| البيت | أشينا |
| الأب | Ashina Tuwu |
| الديانة | التنگرية |
Istämi (or Dizabul[1] or Ishtemi Sir Yabghu Khagan;[2] صينية: 室點密�) was the ruler of the western part of the Göktürks, which became the Western Turkic Khaganate and dominated the Sogdians.[3] He was the yabgu (vassal) of his brother Bumin Qaghan in 552 AD.[4] He was posthumously referred to as khagan in Turkic sources.[5] His son was Tardu.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الأنشطة
During his rule Istami established diplomatic relations with the Persian and Byzantine Empires, defeated the Hepthalites, and acted as an elder statesman during the disintegration of the eastern half of the empire. We know a great deal about him from the diplomatic missions of the Byzantine Empire.
Shortly after the smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire from China by Nestorian Christian monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian Menander Protector writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese silk with the Byzantine Empire. After forming an alliance with the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, Istämi was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines.[6] Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned to death.[6] Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Byzantium's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Byzantine ruler Justin II, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. Justin II agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians.[7][6]
As the brother of Bumin he ruled the far-western region of their khanate. His son was Tardu. As a Yabghu, he was autonomous and had de facto sovereignty while officially recognizing the authority of the qaghan. After Khushu's death he arranged the division of the territory into three realms east, central, and west and distributed them between Jotan, Arslan, and Shetu, respectively.
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ Howard, Michael C. (8 March 2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 9780786468034. OCLC 761369358.
- ^ Baumer, Christoph (2014). History of Central Asia. Vol. 2.
- ^ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8.
- ^ N. Michael, Michalis N.; Kappler, Matthias; Gavriel, Eftihios, eds. (2009). Ottoman Cyprus : a collection of studies on history and culture. Mouton. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9783447058995. OCLC 320198165.
- ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.org. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
- ^ أ ب ت Howard, Michael C., Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 133.
- ^ Liu, Xinru (2001). "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia". In Adas, Michael (ed.). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 168.
للاستزادة
- Golden, Peter (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
إيستمي
| ||
| سبقه none |
Yabgu of the First Turkic Khaganate 552–575 |
تبعه Tardus |
 | هذا article متعلقة بتاريخ آسيا الوسطى هو بذرة. بإمكانك مساعدة المعرفة بأن تنمـِّـيـه. |