أقاليم ومناطق فرنسا وراء البحار

هذه المقالة هي جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن التقسيمات الإدارية لفرنسا

المقال الرئيسي

المناطق (بما فيها مناطق ما وراء البحار)

الأقاليم (بما فيها أقاليم ما وراء البحار)

الدوائر الادارية

الكانتونات

Intercommunality المجتمعات الحضرية Agglomeration communities تجمعات بلديات Syndicates of New Agglomeration

البلديات البلديات المرفقة الدوائر البلدية

آخرون في فرنسا وراء البحار جماعيات وراء البحار جماعية Sui generis بلد وراء البحار أقاليم ما وراء البحار جزيرة كليپرتون

The overseas departments and regions of France (فرنسية: départements et régions d'outre-mer, تـُنطق: [depaʁtəmɑ̃ e ʁeʒjɔ̃ d‿utʁəmɛʁ]; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France". The distant parts have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions and departments. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status.

Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are:

• French Guiana in South America;
• Guadeloupe in the Caribbean;
• Martinique in the Caribbean;
• Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa;
• Réunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.

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 التاريخ

France's earliest, short-lived attempt at setting up overseas departments was after Napoleon's conquest of the Republic of Venice in 1797, when the hitherto Venetian Ionian Islands fell to the French Directory and were organised as the departments of Mer-Égée, Ithaque and Corcyre. In 1798, the Russian Admiral Fyodor Ushakov evicted the French from these islands, and though France regained them via the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the three departments were not revived.

Under the 1947 Constitution of the Fourth Republic, the French colonies of Algeria in North Africa; Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean; French Guiana in South America; and Réunion in the Indian Ocean were defined as overseas departments. Algeria became independent in 1962 while the others are still French departments.

2011–2020 map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions

Since 1982, following the French government's policy of decentralisation, overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As a result of a constitutional revision that occurred in 2003, these regions are now to be called "overseas regions"; indeed, the new wording of the Constitution gives no precedence to the terms "overseas department" or "overseas region", though the latter is still virtually unused by the French media.

The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 to 1985. All five of France's overseas departments have between 200,000 and 1,000,000 people each, whereas Saint Pierre and Miquelon has only about 6,000, and the smaller collectivity unit therefore seemed more appropriateقالب:According to for the islands.

The overseas collectivity of Mayotte held a referendum on 29 March 2009. Of the votes, 95% were in favor of becoming an overseas department. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011.

 أقاليم سابقة وراء البحار

الاسم		Code INSEE	أكبر مدينة	الإنشاء	الاختفاء	السبب
الجزائر Alger		91 / 9A	الجزائر Alger	1848	1962	استقلال الجزائر
وهران Oran		92 / 9G	وهران	1848	1962	استقلال الجزائر
قسنطينة Constantine		93 / 9D	قسنطينة Constantine	1848	1962	استقلال الجزائر
عنابة Bône		99 / 9C	عنابة Bône	1955	1962	استقلال الجزائر
باتنة Batna		9B	باتنة	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
المدية Médéa		9E	المدية	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
مستغانم Mostaganem		9F	مستغانم	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
Orléansville		9H	الشلف Orléansville	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
سطيف Sétif		9J	سطيف	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
تيارت Tiaret		9K	تيارت	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
تيزي وزو Tizi Ouzou		9L	نيزي وزو	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
تلمسان Tlemcen		9M	تلمسان	1957	1962	استقلال الجزائر
سور الغزلان Aumale		9M	سور الغزلان Aumale	1958	1959	Partagé entre les départements de المدية Médéa و باتنة Batna
بجاية Bougie		9P	بجاية Bougie	1958	1959	Partagé entre les départements de سطيف Sétif و قسنطينة Constantine
سعيدة Saïda		9R	سعيدة	1958	1962	استقلال الجزائر
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon		975	Saint-Pierre	1976	1985	Devient une collectivité territoriale à statut particulier

 Geography and characteristics

Each overseas department is the sole department in its own overseas region (فرنسية: région d'outre-mer) with powers identical to the regions of metropolitan France. Because of the one-to-one correspondence, informal usage does not distinguish the two, and the French media use the term département d'outre-mer (DOM) almost exclusively.

As integral parts of the French republic and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council. The areas also vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. The overseas departments and regions are not the same as the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status.

Guadeloupe and Réunion each have separate departmental and regional councils, while in Mayotte, Guiana and Martinique, the two layers of government are consolidated so one body wields both sets of powers. The overseas departments acquired these additional powers in 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils and other regional powers; however, the term "overseas region" was only introduced with the French constitutional amendment of 28 March 2003.

Due to distance from the EU and local proximity some areas participate in economic fora and organizations of mutual interest geographically close-by. Such as Martinique and Guadeloupe taking part in both the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and Association of Caribbean States (ACS); or French Polynesia taking part in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

 Demographics

المقالة الرئيسية: Demographics of French Guiana, Demographics of Guadeloupe, Demographics of Martinique, Demographics of Mayotte, and Demographics of Réunion

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1950	720٬000	—
1960	949٬000	+31.8%
1970	1٬194٬000	+25.8%
1980	1٬286٬000	+7.7%
1990	1٬566٬000	+21.8%
2000	1٬865٬000	+19.1%
2010	2٬148٬000	+15.2%
2020	2٬165٬749	+0.8%
Sources:

 See also

• List of islands of France
• Administrative divisions of France
• Outre-mer
• Overseas France
• Overseas Territories of France (European Parliament constituency)
• Overseas territory
• Single territorial collectivity
• Special member state territories and the European Union

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 External links

• (in فرنسية) Ministry of the overseas departments and territories
• (in فرنسية) past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like DOMs and TOMs (archived 29 September 2006)