إبهام

*Thumb*
Thumb
	The Thumb.
Details
الشريان	princeps pollicis artery
لمف	infraclavicular lymph nodes
Identifiers
اللاتينية	pollex, digitus primus, digitus I
MeSH	D013933
TA98	A01.1.00.053
TA2	151
FMA	24938
	المصطلحات التشريحية [edit on Wikidata]

الابهام هو الاِصبع الأول في الكف، إبهام اليد البشرية يختلف عن بقية الأصابع في الاتجاه واتجاه الحركة بحيث يكمل مهام اليد مثل الامساك والضغط.

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تعريف

باعتباره واحد من خمسة أرقام، ومصاحب لأربعة أصابع أخرى

إبهام مقابل

A bonobo "fishing" for termites, an example of incomplete/"untrue" opposition.^[2]

المقابل والمقارب

الإبهام المقابل Opposable thumb، هو إبهام يد مجموعة الرئيسات، والذي يمكن تحريكه إلى وضع مقابل للأصابع، فتزيد مهارة الفرد.^[3]

التشريح البشري

الهيكل العظمي

العضلات


Flexor pollicis longus (left) and deep muscles of dorsal forearm (left)

A ventral forearm muscle, the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) originates on the anterior side of the radius distal to the radial tuberosity and from the interosseous membrane. It passes through the carpal tunnel in a separate tendon sheath, after which it lies between the heads of the flexor pollicis brevis. It finally attaches onto the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. It is innervated by the anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve (C7-C8)^[4]


Thenar (left) and dorsal interossei (left) muscles

التباين

Hitchhiker's thumbs

القبضات


Left: In a power grip the object is in contact with the palm. left: Cricketer Jack Iverson's "bent finger grip", an unusual pad-to-side precision grip designed to confuse batsmen.

التطور

الحيوانات الأخرى مع أرقام مقابلة

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انظر أيضا

الهوامش

^ Norman/Georgetown clinicalconsiderations
^ "The Thumb is the Hero". The New York Times. January 11, 1981. Retrieved November 2010. The "fishing rod" a chimp strips of leaves and pokes into a termite nest to bring up a snack is as far as he'll ever get toward orbiting the planets. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.
^ Platzer 2004, p. 162

المصادر

Ankel-Simons, Friderun (2007). "Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton". Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-12-372576-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Austin, Noelle M. (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C. (eds.). Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. ISBN 0-8036-1191-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Brown, David P.; Freeman, Eric D.; Cuccurullo, Sara; Freeman, Ted L. (2004). "Upper Extremities—Hand Region: Range of Motion of the Digits". In Cuccurullo, Sara (ed.). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 1-888799-45-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (NCBI)

Brunelli, Giovanni R. (1999). "Stability in the first carpometacarpal joint". In Brüser, Peter; Gilbert, Alain (eds.). Finger bone and joint injuries. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-85317-690-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. John Wiley & Sons. 31 (4): 241. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Costello, Michael B.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (March 1988). "Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference". American Journal of Primatology. Wiley-Liss. 15 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150306. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

de Klerk, W.J.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D.; Chinsamy, A. (2000). "A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2 (20): 324–332. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Harcourt-Smith, W E H; Aiello, L C (2004). "Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion". Journal of anatomy. J Anat. 204 (5): 403–16. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x. PMC 1571304. PMID 15198703. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Hsu, Ar-Tyan (July 2008). "Effect of Gender, Flexibility and Thumb Type on Thumb Tip Generation". Journal of Biomechanics. 41 (Supplement 1): S148. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(08)70148-9. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

McBride, Earl Duwain (1942). Disability evaluation: principles of treatment of compensable injuries. Lippincott. p. 631. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

McDade, Melissa C. (2003). "Koalas (Phascolartidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Kleiman, Devra G.; Geist, Valerius; McDade, Melissa C. (eds.). Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia: Volumes 12–16, Mammals I–V (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Napier, John Russell (November 1956). "The prehensile movements of the human hand" (PDF). J Bone Joint Surg Br. 38 (4): 902–913. PMID 13376678. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 2 (6th ed.). JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Slocum, D.B.; Pratt, D.R. (1946). "Disability Evaluation for the Hand" (PDF). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 28 (3): 491. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

van Nierop, Onno A.; van der Helm, Aadjan; Overbeeke, Kees J.; Djajadiningrat, Tom J.P. (2008). "A natural human hand model" (PDF). Visual Comput. 24 (24): 31–44. doi:10.1007/s00371-007-0176-x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Young, Richard W. (2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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