أنتوني جيم ساتون

Antony C. Sutton
Antonysutton.jpg
وُلِدAntony Cyril Sutton
(1925-02-14)فبراير 14, 1925
London, United Kingdom[1]
توفييونيو 17, 2002(2002-06-17) (aged 77)
Reno, Nevada, United States[2]
الوظيفةResearcher, writer
العرقBritish, American
الجامعة الأمUniversity of Southampton
الصنف الأدبيNon-fiction
الموضوعHistory, economics, politics
التوقيع
الموقع الإلكتروني
antonysutton.com

Antony Cyril Sutton (February 14, 1925 – June 17, 2002) was a British-American writer, researcher, economist, and professor.

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Early life and education

Antony C. Sutton was born in London on February 14, 1925 to Edward Ceril Sutton and Marjorie Sutton, maiden name Burrett.[1] The family relocated to California in 1957 with Antony and his two siblings, and he became a U.S. citizen in 1962.[3]

Sutton studied at the universities of University of London, University of Göttingen, and University of California, Los Angeles, and received his D.Sc. from the University of Southampton.[4]


Career

Sutton became an economics professor at California State University, Los Angeles. He had a research fellowship at Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace from 1968 to 1973.[بحاجة لمصدر]

At the Hoover Institution, he wrote the study Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development (in three volumes), arguing that the West played a major role in developing the Soviet Union from its beginnings until the then-present year of 1970. Sutton argued that the Soviet Union's technological and manufacturing base, which was then engaged in supplying North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, was built by United States corporations and largely funded by US taxpayers. Steel and iron plants, the GAZ automobile factory, a Ford subsidiary in eastern Russia, and many other Soviet industrial enterprises were built with the help or technical assistance of the United States government or US corporations. He argued further that the Soviet Union's acquisition of MIRV technology was made possible by receiving (from US sources) machining equipment for the manufacture of precision ball bearings, necessary to mass-produce MIRV-enabled missiles.[بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

Ayn Rand advertised the first volume of the book for sale in The Objectivist Book Service for $9 alongside a review of the work by Robert Hessen that she published in The Objectivist.[5][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

He contributed articles to Human Events, Review of the News, Triumph, Ordnance, The Proceedings, and other journals.[بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

In early 1972, U.S. Senator John Tunney received an inquiry from Sutton regarding the rumor that Zhou Enlai was involved in the murder of a family of six in the 1930s.[6]

In 1973, Sutton published a popularized, condensed version of the sections of the forthcoming third volume relevant to military technology called National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union, after which he was forced out of the Hoover Institution.[7][مطلوب مصدر أفضل] His conclusion from his research on the issue was that the conflicts of the Cold War were “not fought to restrain communism” but were organised in order “to generate multibillion-dollar armaments contracts”, since the United States, through financing the Soviet Union “directly or indirectly, armed both sides in at least Korea and Vietnam.”[8][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

The update to the text, The Best Enemy Money Can Buy, looked at the role of military technology transfers up to the 1980s.[9][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

Sutton's next three published books (Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Wall Street and FDR and Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler) detailed Wall Street's involvement in the Bolshevik Revolution to destroy Russia as an economic competitor and turn it into “a captive market and a technical colony to be exploited by a few high-powered American financiers and the corporations under their control”[10] as well as its decisive contributions to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose policies he assessed as being essentially the same “corporate socialism,” planned by the big corporations.[11] Sutton concluded that it was all part of the economic power elites' “long-range program of nurturing collectivism”[8] and fostering “corporate socialism” in order to ensure “monopoly acquisition of wealth” because it “would fade away if it were exposed to the activity of a free market.”[12][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

In his view, the only solution to prevent such abuse in the future was that “a majority of individuals declares or acts as if it wants nothing from government, declares it will look after its own welfare and interests” or, specifically, if “a majority finds the moral courage and the internal fortitude to reject the something-for-nothing con game and replace it by voluntary associations, voluntary communes, or local rule and decentralized societies.”[8][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

In the early 1980s, Sutton used a combination of public-domain information on Skull and Bones (such as Yale yearbooks) and previously unreleased documents sent to him by Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt whose father was a Skull and Bones member to write America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones, which, according to Sutton, was his most important work.[13][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

The Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University house four boxes of Sutton's personal papers from 1920 (?) to 1972. The collection includes writings, clippings, letters, and notes related to the outbreak of wars, civil wars, revolutions and other violent conflicts around the globe from 1820 to 1970. There is a particular emphasis on the life and career of American entrepreneur Armand Hammer and his business investments and operations in the Soviet Union.[14]

Sutton died in Reno, Nevada on June 17, 2002.[2][1]

Reception

Sutton's works have received criticisms from academics, particularly his Wall Street trilogy (Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Wall Street and FDR, and Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler)".[15][16] A contemporary review of Sutton's Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, researcher Virgil D. Medlin of Oklahoma City University reported finding numerous factual errors in the book and claimed that Sutton repeated "unsubstantiated allegations [and came to] unwarranted conclusions." Medlin also wrote that Sutton made use of dubious sources, such as rumor and uncorroborated inquiries, as "documentary proof of [his] allegations."[15]

Howard Dickman of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research referred to Sutton's Wall Street and FDR as a "weak specimen of conspiracy history" that was "poorly written and edited, digressive, repetitious, disorganized, and unconvincing."[16]

Sutton's Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1945 to 1965, also received criticism, specifically its thesis. Dr. Samuel Lieberstein of Temple University had initially praised the first two volumes of the study but later came to criticize it in his review of the third volume, stating that Sutton failed to note instances of Soviet technological innovation and ignored positive aspects of the USSR's planned economy that seemed to conflict with his thesis.[17] British historian Richard C. Thurlow also criticized Sutton's thesis, writing that "all nations were dependent on international trade for economic development and their industrial infrastructure, including the United States" adding that Sutton "totally [disregarded] alternative explanations of Soviet industrialization".[18]

Writing in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, T. Hunt Tooley, professor of history at Austin College of Sherman, Texas, said Sutton was the most important of the conservative and libertarian writers who "took up the subject of the bankers from the 1960s, bringing to paleoconservative and libertarian audiences a highly critical picture of bankers and their influence".[19]

Bibliography

Books

Sutton's 1976 study of "the past, present, and future of the metal that Keynesian economists and political schemers have denounced as a 'barbaric relic.'"[20]

Newsletters

  • Phoenix Letter: A Report on the Abuse of Power (1982-1997). OCLC 35676184.
    • Phoenix, Arizona: Research Publications.
    • Billings, Montana: Liberty House Press (November 1988-).
  • Future Technology Intelligence Report (FTIR). (1990-2002). ISSN 1523-5807.

Congressional testimony


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Film appearances

Archive footage of Sutton was used in the 2014 documentary, JFK to 9/11: Everything Is a Rich Man's Trick.[22][مطلوب مصدر أفضل] According to Sutton, a Dutch TV production company interviewed him for a documentary on Skull and Bones in the 1990s, but it was not aired.[23][24][مطلوب مصدر أفضل]

See also

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت "U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007." Ancestry.com.
  2. ^ أ ب "Nevada, U.S., Death Index, 1980-2012." Nevada State Health Division, Office of Vital Statistics. State Death Index. Nevada Department of Health and Human Services, Carson City, Nevada. Ancestry.com.
  3. ^ "National Suicide." Interview with Prof. Antony C. Sutton in Pasadena, California (October 1973)
  4. ^ Sutton, Antony (1976). Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (1st ed.). Seal Beach, CA: ‘76 Press. pp. Jacket. ISBN 0892450045. Antony C. Sutton was educated at the universities of London, Göttingen, and California.
  5. ^ Hessen, Robert (Jan. 1970). Review of Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1917 to 1930, by Antony C. Sutton. The Objectivist, vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 9-15. Published and edited by Ayn Rand.
  6. ^ Maury, John M. (15 Feb 1972) Journal – Office of Legislation Council. Provided by the Central Intelligence Agency.
  7. ^ Millegan, Kris (ed.) (2003). Fleshing Out Skull & Bones. Walterville, OR: TrineDay. p. 89. ISBN 0975290606.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, Chapter 12
  9. ^ "The Best Enemies Money Can Buy" (video). Interview with Prof. Antony C. Sutton. 1980. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
  10. ^ Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Chapter XI
  11. ^ Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, Chapter 8
  12. ^ Wall Street and FDR, Chapter 12.
  13. ^ Sutton, Antony C. Preface to America's Secret Establishment:An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones. Walterville, OR: TrineDay (1983). ISBN 0972020748.
  14. ^ Sutton, Antony C. "Papers, 1920-1972." OCLC 122385247.
  15. ^ أ ب Medlin, Virgil D. Review of Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution by Antony C. Sutton. Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. 19, no. 2 (June 1977), pp. 229–30. JSTOR 40867552.
  16. ^ أ ب Dickman, Howard. Review of Wall Street and FDR by Anthony C. Sutton. Business History Review, vol. 50, no. 4 (1976), pp. 541–43. DOI:10.2307/3113155. JSTOR 3113155.
  17. ^ Lieberstein, Samuel. Review of Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1945 to 1965 by Antony C. Sutton. Technology and Culture, vol. 15, no. 3 (July 1974), pp. 508–510. DOI:10.2307/3102976. JSTOR 3102976.
  18. ^ Thurlow, Richard C. "The Powers of Darkness: Conspiracy Belief and Political Strategy." Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 12, no. 6 (1978), pp. 1–23. DOI:10.1080/0031322X.1978.9969469.
  19. ^ Tooley, T. Hunt. "Merchants of Death Revisited: Armaments, Banker, and the First World War." Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 19, no. 1 (Winter 2005), pp. 48-50.
  20. ^ Sutton, Antony C. The War on Gold. Seal Beach, Calif.: '76 Press (1977). ISBN 0892450088.
  21. ^ "Antony C. Sutton." Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors. Gale / Cengage (2002). Gale In Context: Biography. قالب:Gale.
  22. ^ "Full Cast & Crew". IMDb (in English). Retrieved 3 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ^ Millegan, Kris (Jul. 1999). "'W', S&B—and the truth... shall set us free! An interview with Antony C. Sutton, Researcher Emeritus." Little Red Hen. Archived from the original.
  24. ^ "Published Works of Antony C. Sutton." antonycsutton.com.

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