آرشيبالد روزڤلت

Archibald Roosevelt
Archie Roosevelt WW-I.jpg
Captain Roosevelt, in 1919, recovering from wounds received during World War I
اسم الميلادArchibald Bulloch Roosevelt
ولد(1894-04-09)أبريل 9, 1894
Washington, D.C., U.S.
توفيأكتوبر 13, 1979(1979-10-13) (aged 85)
Stuart, Florida, U.S.
دُفـِنYoungs Memorial Cemetery
Oyster Bay Cove, New York, U.S.
الولاء الولايات المتحدة
الخدمة/الفرع الولايات المتحدة
سنين الخدمة1917–19, 1943–44
RankLieutenant colonel
قيادات مناطة3rd Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment
المعارك/الحروبWorld War I
World War II
الأوسمة
الجامعة الأمHarvard University
الزوجGrace Lockwood
الأنجال5, including Archibald Jr. and Theodora
الأقاربRoosevelt family

Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt (April 9, 1894 – October 13, 1979) was a distinguished U.S. Army officer and commander of U.S. forces in both World War I and II, and the fifth child of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In both conflicts he was wounded. He earned the Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster and the French Croix de Guerre. After World War II, he became a successful businessman and the founder of a New York City bond brokerage house, as well as a spokesman for conservative political causes.[1]

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الحياة المبكرة

Archie poses with his pony Algonquin in 1902
Roosevelt Family in 1903 with Quentin on the left, TR, Ted, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel

As a child, Archie was very quiet but very mischievous – especially when he was with his brother Quentin; growing up, Archie and Quentin were very close. They rarely left each other's side and had very few fights. But as for the other siblings, Archie was not close to either Kermit or Ethel, because they would gang up on him. Ted would help beat up Kermit for him and would also tell their mother, Edith, about Ethel, who would often get in trouble. Alice was ten years older than Archie, and he barely remembered her being around, since she would often go places with other family members and friends. Archie was an avid reader and very good at putting puzzles together quickly. His father remarked to him, "Archie, my smart boy, never give up your smartness; that goes for you and your brother Quentin."

Archie first attended the Force School and Sidwell Friends School.[2] After being expelled from Groton, Archie continued his education at the Evans School for Boys,[3] and graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., in 1913. He went on to Harvard University, where he graduated in 1917.


العائلة

انظر أيضاً: عائلة روزڤلت

وُلِد آرشي في واشنطن العاصمة، كرابع أبناء الرئيس تيودور "تي.آر." روزڤلت، الابن و إيدث كرمت كارو. وكان له ثلاث أشقاء, تد (تيودور الثالث)، كرميت، و Quentin, a sister Ethel, and a half-sister Alice. Archie was named for his maternal great-great-great-grandfather Archibald Bulloch, a patriot of the American Revolution.

His first cousin was Eleanor Roosevelt and his fifth cousin, once removed was فرانكلن روزڤلت. He was uncle to Kermit Roosevelt Jr., Joseph Willard Roosevelt, Dirck Roosevelt, Belle Wyatt "Clochette" Roosevelt, Grace Green Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt III, Cornelius V.S. Roosevelt, and كوِنتن روزڤلت الثاني. His sister-in-law was Belle Wyatt Willard Roosevelt, and his grandniece was Susan Roosevelt Weld, الزوجة السابقة لحاكم مساتشوستس وليام ف. ولد.

السيرة العسكرية

الحرب العالمية الأولى والسنوات اللاحقة

Archie volunteered for the United States Army during 1917, shipped over to France, and was wounded while serving with the U.S. 1st Infantry Division. His wounds were so severe he was discharged from the Army with full disability. He had ended the war as an Army captain. For his valor, Archie received two Silver Star Citations (later converted to the Silver Star medal when it was established in 1932) and the French government's Croix de Guerre.

After the death of his father in 1919, he sent a telegram informing all his siblings that "the old lion is dead".

After the end of the war, he worked for a time as an executive with the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company, as vice president of the Union Petroleum Company, the export auxiliary subsidiary of Sinclair Consolidated. At the same time his eldest brother Ted was Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In 1922, Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased, without competitive bidding, the Teapot Dome Field to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Oil, and the field at Elk Hills, California, to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, both fields part of the Navy's petroleum reserves. The connection between the Roosevelt brothers could not be ignored. After Sinclair sailed for Europe to avoid testifying, G. D. Wahlberg, Sinclair's private secretary, advised Archibald Roosevelt to resign to save his reputation.[4] Eventually, after resigning from Sinclair, Roosevelt gave key testimony to the Senate Committee on Public Lands probing the Teapot Dome scandal, in which Roosevelt was not implicated, but where Sinclair and Doheny both gave "personal loans" to Secretary Fall. Following this, Roosevelt took a job working for a cousin in the family investment firm, Roosevelt & Son.

In the summer of 1932, Archie, former President Calvin Coolidge, former Solicitor General William Marshall Bullitt, Admiral Richard E. Byrd, and General James Harbord, among others, formed a conservative pressure group known as the National Economy League, which called for balancing the federal budget by cutting appropriations for veterans in half.[5][6]

الحرب العالمية الثانية: المعركة من أجل حافة روزڤلت في غينيا الجديدة

المقالة الرئيسية: معركة حافة روزڤلت
War in the Pacific – New Guinea Campaign's "Operation Cartwheel"
Lt. Col. Archibald Roosevelt during World War II (Official Army Photo)
Roosevelt Ridge "RR" from US Army History

Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt petitioned President Franklin D. Roosevelt to put his battlefield-honed leadership skills to worthwhile use supporting the war effort. The president approved his request and he rejoined the Army with a commission as a Major. Roosevelt was given command in early 1943 of the US Army's 3rd Battalion, 162nd Infantry Regiment also called the 162 Regimental Combat Team, (RCT), 41st Infantry Division in New Guinea commanding this unit until early 1944. Working with the Australian 3rd Division, Roosevelt and his battalion landed in New Guinea's Nassau Bay, on July 8, 1943.[7][8]

Overcoming significant command ambiguities between American and Australian forces because of overlapping spheres of operation, Roosevelt played an important role in the Salamaua campaign. His service was recognized when one of the hotly contested ridge-lines northwest of the island's Tambu Bay was named in his honor. This piece of key terrain during the campaign was originally referred to as "Roosevelt's Ridge" to mark the ridge nearest his battalion to higher HQ. Later, it was referred to as "Roosevelt Ridge" as it was depicted in the official American and Australian campaign histories as well as the US Army Air Force World War II Chronology. See left map.[9][10][11][12]

On August 12, 1943, Roosevelt was wounded by an enemy grenade, which shattered the same knee that had been injured in World War I, and for which he had been earlier medically retired, earning him the distinction of being the only American to ever be classified as 100% disabled twice for the same wound incurred in two different wars. At the time of his injury, command of his battalion passed to his executive officer, Major Taylor. Archie returned to his unit in early 1944.[11] For these actions in the Pacific Theater of Operations, Roosevelt was awarded his second and third oak leaf clusters to the Silver Star in lieu of additional awards.

الأوسمة العسكرية

السيرة اللاحقة

Following the end of the war, Archie Roosevelt formed the investment firm of Roosevelt and Cross, a brokerage house specializing in municipal bonds. It is still a going concern with offices in New York City, Providence, Buffalo and Hartford.[13] In 1953 he joined the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution of which both his father and elder brother had been members.

الناشط والجدل

During the early 1950s, Archie became affiliated with a variety of right-wing organizations and causes. He joined the John Birch Society and was the founder of the Veritas Foundation, which was dedicated to rooting out presumed socialist influences at Harvard and other major colleges and universities. Writing in the book America's Political Dynasties (Doubleday, 1966), Stephen Hess commented: "Archie Roosevelt has, in recent years, added the family's name to many ultra-rightist causes. As a trustee of the Veritas Foundation he was a leader among those seeking to root out subversion at Harvard. He also sent a letter to every U.S. Senator, stating 'modern technical civilization does not seem to be as well-handled by the black man as by the white man in the United States.' Present civil rights difficulties he blamed on 'socialist plotters.'"[14] Roosevelt also compiled 1968's incendiary Theodore Roosevelt On Race, Riots, Reds, Crime.[15] He was also the chief sponsor behind "The Alliance," a short-lived organization of the 1950s.[16]

In 1954, when the Theodore Roosevelt Association made a decision to award the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Public Service to black diplomat Ralph Bunche, Archie loudly protested the award. He even went so far as to write and publish a 44-page pamphlet that attempted to prove Bunche had been working as an agent of the "International Communist Conspiracy" for more than two decades.[17]

The Alliance, Inc.

Archie additionally served as president for an organization named The Alliance, Inc., where Zygmund Dobbs was Research Director.[18] The Alliance published books by Dobbs such as Red Intrigue and Race Turmoil (New York: The Alliance, Inc., 1958), for which Archie wrote forewords. In the foreword to The Great Deceit: Social Pseudo-Sciences, Archie wrote: "Socialists have infiltrated our schools, our law courts, our government, our MEDIA OF COMMUNICATIONS.... the Socialist movement is made up of a relatively small number of people who have developed the TECHNIQUE OF INFLUENCING large masses of people to a VERY HIGH DEGREE."[19] Johnson's book, Color, Communism, and Common Sense, was quoted by G. Edward Griffin in his 1969 motion picture lecture More Deadly than War ... the Communist Revolution in America.[بحاجة لمصدر] In 1958, as president of The Alliance, Inc., Roosevelt wrote the preface for Manning Johnson's semi-memoir, semi-polemical tract Color, Communism, and Common Sense.[20]


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الحياة الشخصية

Archie married Grace Lockwood, daughter of Thomas Lockwood and Emmeline Stackpole, at the Emmanuel Church in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 14, 1917. The couple spent most of their married life in a pre-Revolutionary house on Turkey Lane in Cold Spring Harbor, New York, not far from Oyster Bay, where they had four children:

In 1971, Archie's wife, Grace Lockwood Roosevelt, died in an automobile crash near her home on Turkey Lane in Cold Spring Harbor, with her husband at the wheel.

On October 13, 1979, Roosevelt died of a stroke at the Stuart Convalescent Home in Stuart, Florida. He was 85 years old, the last child of Theodore and Edith to die (although his half-sister Alice would outlive him by four months). He is buried with his wife at Youngs Memorial Cemetery, Oyster Bay. His tombstone reads: "The old fighting man home from the wars."

السلالة

Roosevelt's grandson is Tweed Roosevelt (و. 1942), who is the chairman of Roosevelt China Investments, and is the President of the Board of Trustees of the Theodore Roosevelt Association.[22]

المطبوعات

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ On right wing politics, see citations below related to the section "Right Wing Firebrand".
  2. ^ Stephen, Hansen. "InTowner Publishing Corp. » The Force School: Alma Mater to Presidents' Son, a Count, and a World-Famous Aviator" (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  3. ^ Theodore Roosevelt (1916) A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open. New York: Charles Scribner's sons.
  4. ^ "Scandal?". Time. January 28, 1924.
  5. ^ "Heroes: Again, Bonuseers". Time. September 12, 1932.
  6. ^ "National Affairs: Economy Lobby". Time. January 2, 1933.
  7. ^ David Dexter (1961) Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army – Volume 6 Chapter 5. The Capture of Mubo, The Australian War Memorial (TOC Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  8. ^ HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Cartwheel – The Reduction of Rabaul. Ibiblio.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.
  9. ^ U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II. Combat Chronology 1941–1945, Center for Air Force History Washington, DC 1991
  10. ^ David Dexter (1961) Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army – Volume 6 Chapter 6. The Struggle for the Ridges, The Australian War Memorial (TOC Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  11. ^ أ ب David Dexter (1961) Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army – Volume 6 Chapter 7. The Fight for Komiatum, The Australian War Memorial (TOC Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  12. ^ Army Air Forces in World War II Archived 2009-02-12 at the Wayback Machine. Usaaf.net. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.
  13. ^ Roosevelt & Cross Inc. – Specialists in Municipal Bonds, since 1946. Roosevelt-cross.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.
  14. ^ Stephen Hess. America's Political Dynasties. (Doubleday, 1966.) pp. 137–38.
  15. ^ Archibald Roosevelt, Editor. Theodore Roosevelt on Race Riots Reds and Crime. (Metarie, LA: Sons of Liberty Press, 1968.)
  16. ^ Daniel Bell, Editor. The Radical Right, Third Edition. (New York: Transaction Publishers, 2001), p. 333.
  17. ^ Edward Renehan. The Lion's Pride. (Oxford University Press, 1998). p. 244.
  18. ^ Dobbs, Zygmund (1958). Red Intrigue and Race Turmoil (PDF) (in الإنجليزية). Foreword by Archibald B. Roosevelt (1st ed.). New York: The Alliance, Inc. p. i.
  19. ^ Zygmund Dobbs. The Great Deceit: Social Psedo-Sciences. (Sayville, NY: The Veritas Foundation, 1964), p. vi.
  20. ^ Archibald Roosevelt (1958). Preface. Color, Communism, and Common Sense. By Johnson, Manning. Alliance, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  21. ^ "Edith Kermit Roosevelt" (PDF). Alfred de Grazia Archives. September 6, 1969. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  22. ^ Leary, Warren E. (10 April 1992). "Explorers of Amazon Branch Retrace Roosevelt Expedition". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2016.

وصلات خارجية

Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بآرشيبالد روزڤلت، في معرفة الاقتباس.
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Archibald Roosevelt.

قالب:Theodore Roosevelt

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