بنو إسماعيل

بنو إسماعيل (الإسماعيليون بالعبرية: יִשְׁמְעֵאלִים‎ Yīšməʿēʾlīm) كانت عبارة عن اتحاد قبلي من قبائل الشرق الأدنى القديمة الناطقة بالسامية في العصر الحديدي، والتي سكن معظمها في غرب شبه الجزيرة العربية.

بنو إسماعيل الإسماعيليون Sons of Ishmael
وُلِدَ	مكة، الحجاز، المملكة العربية السعودية

في الديانات الإبراهيمية، سميت على اسم النبي إسماعيل، وفقًا لـ القرآن، الابن الأول ل إبراهيم وهاجر المصرية. وفقا لسفر التكوين، كان لإسماعيل ابنة واحدة واثنا عشر ابنا، "الأمراء الاثني عشر" المذكورة في تكوين 17:20. في التقاليد الإسلامية، أدى هذا إلى ظهور "اثني عشر قبيلة إسماعيل"، وهي قبائل عربية ينحدر منها المسلمون الأوائل. في التقليد اليهودي، تنحدر قبائل إسرائيل الاثني عشر من ابن إبراهيم الآخر، إسحاق، عن طريق يعقوب ابن إسحاق. هذه التقاليد مقبولة من قبل كل من الإسلام واليهودية.

يصف سفر التكوين و أخبار الأيام الأول القديريين بأنهم قبيلة تنحدر من قيدار، الابن الثاني لإسماعيل. وصف بعض العلماء الإبراهيميين قبيلة الأنباط بأنها من نسل نبايوت بناءً على تشابه الأصوات، لكن آخرين يرفضون هذا الارتباط. تقوم مجموعات إسلامية مختلفة بتعيين أصل النبي الإسلامي محمد إما إلى قيدار أو نبايوت.

لا يوجد دليل أثري يدعم الاعتقاد بأن البطاركة و الأمراء في سفر التكوين كانوا أناسًا تاريخيين، ولا يعتبر معظم العلماء أن الروايات الكتابية روايات دقيقة للتاريخ المبكر.

تشير النقوش الآشورية و البابلية إلى الإسماعيليين باسم "سومويلو"، وهو اتحاد قبلي سيطر على طريق التجارة البخور أثناء هيمنة الإمبراطورية الآشورية على شمال.

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 رواية يهودية

مملكة الإسماعيليين القيدرية من خلال ابنه قيدار.

 الكتاب المقدس العبري

وفقًا لكتاب التكوين، سميت زوجة إبراهيم الأولى سارة وعبدتها المصرية سميت هاجر. ومع ذلك، لم تستطع سارة الحمل. في الفصل 16، أعطت سارة (ثم ساراي) عبدتها هاجر للزواج من إبراهيم، لكي يكون لإبراهيم وريث.

وأخذت زوجة ساراي إبراهيم هاجر خادمتها المصرية ... وأعطتها لزوجها إبراهيم لتكون زوجته.

حملت هاجر إسماعيل من إبراهيم ، والإسماعيليون ينحدرون منه. بعد أن توسل إبراهيم إلى الله لكي يعيش إسماعيل في بركته ، ينص الفصل 17 على ما يلي:

واما اسماعيل فقد سمعتك. ها انا قد باركته واثمره واكثره كثيرا. يلد اثنا عشر رئيسا وانا اجعله امة عظيمة.

الفصل 25 يسرد أبنائه على النحو التالي:

وهذه أسماء بني إسماعيل بأسمائهم حسب مواليدهم: بكر إسماعيل
نابت بن إسماعيل؛ و قيدار، وأدبيل، ومبسام، و
ومشماع، و دومة، و ماسة،
و هدد، و تيما، ويطور، ونفيش، وكديمة

وفقًا للفرضية الوثائقية، كان المصدر الكهنوتي قد أضاف تكوين 25 خلال الفترة الفارسية، الذي نسب القبائل الإسماعيلية المعروفة (شموئيلو) بأسماء أبناء إسماعيل. ومع ذلك، فإن اسم ورواية إسماعيل الموجودة في أجزاء أخرى من سفر التكوين قد تسبق ذلك بقرون. احتوى الكتاب المقدس العبري بالفعل على قصة إسماعيل، وظهر لاحقًا عبر القبائل الإسماعيلية، وكانوا يخترعون أسماء لأبناء إسماعيل، سميت على اسم القبائل المختلفة في الكونفدرالية الإسماعيلية.

 الرواية الإسلامية

The semicircular Hijr Ismail wall, associated with Ibrahim (Abraham), Ishmael and their building of the Kaaba (now part of the Great Mosque of Mecca)

According to the Quran, "Allah has gifted all of Ishmael, Alyasa, Yunus and Lut a favor above the nations. With some of their forefathers and their offspring and their brethren, We chose them and guided them unto a straight path". (Quran 6:86). Ibrahim and Hajar bore the prophetic child, who was named Ishmael by Allah through one of his angels. God ordered Ibrahim to bring Ishmael and Hajar to present-day Mecca. He prayed for them after leaving them, saying: "O our Lord! I have made some of my offspring to dwell in an uncultivatable valley by Your Sacred House (the Kaaba in Mecca) in order, O our Lord, that they may perform As-Ṣalāt. So fill some hearts among men with love towards them, and (O Allah) provide them with fruits so that they may give thanks."

Ishmael and Hagar were very thirsty, and Hagar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwa in search of water for her son. After her seventh run between the hills, an angel appeared before her. He helped them, saying that God heard Ishmael's cry and would provide them with water; Hajar stopped the water with stones. Muhammad said, "May Allah forgive HazIshmael'srat Hajar if she doesn't stop the water, there was a great water fountain."^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} A group of people passed by, and saw the well and Hajar and Ishmael sitting there. They asked Hagar for some of the water from the well; she agreed, and an Arab tribe began there. Ishmael grew up there and learned Arabic from the tribe while waiting for his father. When Ibrahim arrived in Marwa, he learned that his son was alive. When young Ishmael saw his father, he ran to him and they embraced.

God decided to test Ibrahim again, and he dreamed two nights in a row of sacrificing Ishmael. Ibrahim blindfolded himself, because he could not bear to see his son suffer. When he was about to wield the knife, a voice ordered him to sacrifice a goat instead of his son. God then ordered Ibrahim to rebuild the mosque for Ishmael's tribe which had been constructed by Adam, the first Islamic prophet, and Ibrahim and Ishmael began building the Kaaba. Ibrahim built the mosque, and Ishmael provided the stones, When the walls were built and the roof was almost complete, Ibrahim stood on the miraculous small stone to finish the roof.

 تقاليد أخرى

 Samaritan Asaṭīr

The Samaritan book Asaṭīr adds:^:262

And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty-seven years;
And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael;
And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca.

 آثار جوزيفوس

Josephus also lists the sons and states that they "...inhabit the lands which are between Euphrates and the Red Sea, the name of which country is Nabathæa."

 Targum Onkelos

The Targum Onkelos annotates Genesis 25:16, describing the extent of their settlements: "And they dwelt from Hindekaia [India] unto Chalutsa, which is by the side of Mizraim [Egypt], from thy going up towards Arthur [Assyria]."

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 Kebra Nagast

The 14th century Kebra Nagast says "And therefore the children of Ishmael became kings over Tereb, and over Kebet, and over Nôbâ, and Sôba, and Kuergue, and Kîfî, and Mâkâ, and Môrnâ, and Fînḳânâ, and ’Arsîbânâ, and Lîbâ, and Mase'a, for they were the seed of Shem."

 السجلات التاريخية باستخدام المصطلح

Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions and North Arabian inscriptions from 9th to 6th century BC, mention the king of Qedar, sometimes as Arab and sometimes as Ishmaelite. The names "Nabat, Kedar, Abdeel, Dumah, Massa, and Teman" were mentioned in the Assyrian royal inscriptions as Arabian tribes. Jesur was mentioned in Greek inscriptions in the First Century BC. Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions have referred to the Ishmaelites as "Sumu'ilu" and Ernst Knauf had written that Yisma'el is a typical West Semitic Personal name found in texts from the 3rd Millennium BC to pre-Islamic Arabic in the First Half of the First Millennium CE. He argues that the North Arabian "Sama'il" would be rendered "Shumu'il" by Assyrians, and would have the same meaning as "Yisma'el" and hence the Shumu'ilu Tribes would be descended to an ancestor named Yisma'el, which is anglicized as Ishmael. One of the Inscriptions mentioning the Ishmaelites is Sennacherib's Annals, in column vii line 96.

The Ishmaelite Confederacy did have differences. The Qedar Tribe’s political center was Duma (Dumat Al-Jandal), which was also the cultic residence of the six deities of the “king of the Arabs” as John Travis Noble writes. Tayma’s pantheon was quite different from that of Duma, which seems to be the capital of the Ishmaelites, even though Tema appears as a son of Ishmael in Genesis 25. Noble then writes that it is unlikely that all 12 tribes associated with the sons of Ishmael were in the Ishmaelite Confederacy simultaneously, and tribes joined in one instance may not be a part of it in another instance, and they sometimes may have fought each other despite the association with the wider Ishmaelite Confederacy. However, the term “Ishmaelites” or rather “Sumu'ilu” disappears from documentary sources as the Assyrian Empire fell. However, the individual tribes and members kept going on, as there are references from the time Cyrus the Great came to power of the kings living in tents. Southern Palestine and the surrounding areas were inhabited considerably by Nabataeans, who had been entrenched there as early as the 6th century BC. According to Knauf, this expansion caused the tribes to decrease contact, and this caused the Ishmaelite Confederacy to end, not any military defeat.

 تقاليد الأنساب العربية

Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:

• "Ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as ʿĀd and Thamud, often mentioned in the Quran as examples of God's power to destroy those who did not believe and follow their prophets and messengers.
• "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan son of Eber (ʿĀbir). Some of the Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated from the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Marib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
• The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center, western arabia descending from Ishmael the elder son of Abraham through his descendant Adnan. Such as the ancient tribe of Hawazin, or the modern-day tribes of Otaibah and Mutayr.

Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (676–743 AD) wrote that his father Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin informed him that Muhammad had said: "The first whose tongue spoke in clear Arabic was Ishmael, when he was fourteen years old." Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (737–819 AD) established a genealogical link between Ishmael and Muhammad using writings and the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs. His book, Jamharat al-Nasab ("The Abundance of Kinship"), seems to posit that the people known as "Arabs" (of his time) were all descendants of Ishmael. Ibn Kathir (1301–1373) writes (translated): "All the Arabs of the Hejaz are descendants of Nebaioth and Qedar." Medieval Jewish sources also usually identified Qedar with Arabs and Muslims. According to author and scholar Irfan Shahîd, while Western scholars viewed this kind of "genealogical Ishmaelism" with suspicion, the concept can be supported for certain groups among the Arabs,

Genealogical Ishmaelism was viewed with suspicion as a late Islamic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a capacious term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the Arabian Peninsula. But short of this extravagance, the concept is much more modest in its denotation, and in the sober sources, it applies only to certain groups among the Arabs of pre-Islamic times. Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammad when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not.

Ishmaelism in this more limited definition, holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and eponymous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia. Prominence is given in Arab genealogical accounts to the first two of Ishmael's twelve sons, Nebaioth (العربية: نبيت‎, Nabīt) and Qedar (العربية: قيدار‎, Qaydār), who are also prominently featured in the Genesis account. It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve Ishmaelite tribes.

Muslims believe that the first person to speak Arabic clearly was Ishmael: "Isma’il grew up among the Jurhum (an Arabic-speaking tribe), learning the pure Arabic tongue from them. When grown-up, he successively married two ladies from the Jurhum tribe, the second wife being the daughter of Mudad ibn ‘Amr, leader of the Jurhum tribe."

In accounts tracing the ancestry of Muhammad back to Ma'ad (and from there to Adam), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar. Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of God who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Muhammad.

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 انظر أيضا

• History of the Arabs
• Israelites

 وصلات خارجية

• NET Bible Under Ishmaelites