زاؤلجى

لمعلومات عن the village in eastern Poland، انظر Zaolzie, Lublin Voivodeship.

Zaolzie [zaˈɔlʑɛ] ( استمع) is the Polish name for an area now in the Czech Republic which was disputed between interwar Poland and Czechoslovakia. The name means "lands beyond the Olza River"; it is also called Śląsk zaolziański, meaning "trans-Olza Silesia". Equivalent terms in other languages include Zaolší (Zaolží) in Czech and Olsa-Gebiet in German. The Zaolzie region was created in 1920, when Cieszyn Silesia was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland. Zaolzie forms the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. The division did not satisfy any side, and persisting conflict over the region led to its annexation by Poland in October 1938, following the Munich Agreement. After German invasion of Poland in 1939, the area became a part of Nazi Germany until 1945. After the war, the 1920 borders were restored.

Historically, the largest specified ethnic group inhabiting this area were those identifying as Poles. Under Austrian rule, Cieszyn Silesia was initially divided into three (Bielitz, Friedek and Teschen), and later into four districts (plus Freistadt). One of them, Frýdek, had a mostly Czech population, the other three were mostly inhabited by Poles. During the 19th century the number of ethnic Germans grew. After declining at the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century and later from 1920 to 1938 the Czech population grew significantly (mainly as a result of immigration and the assimilation of locals) and Poles became a minority, which they are to this day. Another significant ethnic group were the Jews, but almost the entire Jewish population was murdered during World War II.

In addition to the Polish, Czech and German national orientations there was another group living in the area, the Ślązakowcy, who claimed a distinct Silesian national identity. This group enjoyed popular support throughout the whole of Cieszyn Silesia although its strongest supporters were among the Protestants in eastern part of the Cieszyn Silesia (now part of Poland) and not in Zaolzie itself.

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 Decision time (1918–1920)

انظر أيضاً: Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts

Map of the plebiscite area of Cieszyn Silesia with various demarcation lines

Historical borders in the west of Cieszyn Silesia atop results of the 1910 census:

  Duchy of Teschen in the early 16th century

  over 90% Polish-speaking in 1910

  Border from the 5th November 1918

  Border from the 10th of December 1938

  Border from the 28th of July 1920 to 31th of October 1938 and from 9. Mai 1945

Cieszyn Silesia was claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia: the Polish Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego made its claim in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918, and the Czech Zemský národní výbor pro Slezsko did so in its declaration of 1 November 1918.

 1918-19

Leadership of the Civic Defence – Czech paramilitary organisation active in Cieszyn Silesia

Czech anti-Polish leaflet aimed at Cieszyn Silesians

 Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)

Polish anti-Czech agitation leaflet

 Part of Poland (1938–1939)

Polish Army entering Český Těšín (Czeski Cieszyn) in 1938

"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Zaolzie by the Polish Republic in Karviná, October 1938.

Decree on the official language on the annexed territory

"Zaolzie is ours!" – Polish newspaper Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny on 3 October 1938.

 World War II

World War II memorial in Karviná

 Since 1945

Polish Gorals from Jablunkov during PZKO festival in Karviná, 2007

 In the European Union

Czech and Polish bilingual signs in Zaolzie

Těšín Theatre has a professional Polish ensemble

 Census data

Ethnic structure of Zaolzie based on census results:

Year	Total	Poles	Czechs	Germans	Slovaks
1880	94,370	71,239	16,425	6,672	–
1890	107,675	86,674	13,580	7,388	–
1900	143,220	115,392	14,093	13,476	–
1910	179,145	123,923	32,821	22,312	–
1921	177,176	68,034	88,556	18,260	–
1930	216,255	76,230	120,639	17,182	–
1939	213,867	51,499	44,579	38,408	–
1950	219,811	59,005	155,146	–	4,388
1961	281,183	58,876	205,785	–	13,233
1970	350,825	56,075	263,047	–	26,806
1980	366,559	51,586	281,584	–	28,719
1991	368,355	43,479	263,941	706	26,629

Sources: Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. Siwek 1996, 31–38.

 انظر أيضاً

• History of Cieszyn and Těšín
• Polonia Karwina
• Independent Operational Group Silesia

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 References

• Długajczyk, Edward (1993). Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939. Katowice: Śląsk. ISBN 83-85831-03-7.

• Gabal, Ivan; collective (1999). Etnické menšiny ve Střední Evropě. Praha: G plus G; supported by the Nadace rozvoje občanské společnosti of the European Commission. ISBN 80-86103-23-4.

• Gawrecká, Marie (2004). Československé Slezsko mezi světovými válkami 1918–1938. Opava: Silesian University in Ostrava. ISBN 80-7248-233-5.

• Hannan, Kevin (1996). Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-3365-9.

• Hannan, Kevin (1999). "Language and Ethnicity among Students in Teschen Silesia". Nationalities Papers. 27 (2): 191–203. doi:10.1080/009059999109028.
• jot-Drużycki, Jarosław (2015). Hospicjum Zaolzie. Wędrynia: Wydawnictwo Beskidy. OCLC 995384642.

• Kovtun, Jiří (2005). Republika v nebezpečném světě; Éra prezidenta Masaryka 1918–1933. Praha: Torst; published in co-operation with Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. ISBN 80-7215-254-8.

• Mamatey, Victor S.; Radomír Luža (1973). A history of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1948. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05205-0.

• Panic, Idzi (2002). Poczet Piastów i Piastówien cieszyńskich (in Polish). Cieszyn: Urząd Miejski. ISBN 83-917095-4-X. OCLC 55650394.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

• Siwek, Tadeusz (1996). Česko-polská etnická hranice. Ostrava: Filozofická fakulta Ostravské univerzity. ISBN 80-7042-457-5.

• Szymeczek, Józef (2008). "Polacy na Zaolziu". In Janusz Spyra (ed.). Śląsk Cieszyński. Granice – przynależność – tożsamość. Cieszyn: Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego. pp. 63–72. ISBN 978-83-922005-4-3.

• Watt, Richard M. (1998). Bitter Glory. Poland and its fate 1918–1939. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 511. ISBN 0-7818-0673-9.

• Žáček, Rudolf (2004). Dějiny Slezska v datech. Praha: Libri. ISBN 80-7277-172-8.

• Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). Korzenie Zaolzia. Warszawa – Praga – Trzyniec: PAI-press. OCLC 177389723.

• "Zaolzie". Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN. Vol. VI. Warszawa: PWN. 1997. ISBN 83-01-11969-1.

 Further reading

• Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew and Paweł Samuś (1997). "Powstanie" na Zaolziu w 1938 r.: Polska akcja specjalna w świetle dokumentów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP. Warszawa: ADIUTOR. ISBN 83-86100-21-4.

• Kaszper, Roman; Małysz, Bohdan (editors) (2009). Poláci na Těšínsku (PDF). Český Těšín: Kongres Poláků v České republice. ISBN 978-80-87381-00-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 يوليو 2011. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)

 وصلات خارجية

• (إنگليزية) Jarosław Jot-Drużycki: Poles living in Zaolzie identify themselves better with Czechs". European Foundation of Human Rights. 3 September 2014.
• (Polish) Documents and photographs about the situation in Zaolzie in 1938
• (التشيكية) Interview of professor Jerzy Tomaszewski by Aleksander Kaczorowski