تگرينيا (شعب)
بحر-تگرينيا أو شعب كـِبـِسـّا | |
|---|---|
| إجمالي التعداد | |
إجمالي 3,700,000 (2018)  إرتريا | |
| اللغات | |
| الدين | |
| المسيحية (الأرثوذكسية الإرترية الكاثوليكية و الپروتستانتية)، | |
| الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة | |
التگريني Tigrigni أو التگرينا (ብሄረ ትግሪና/ትግርኛ ؛ Tigrina people) أو بشكل أكثر شيوعاً التگرينيا Tigrinya people هم جماعة عرقية في إرتريا. وشعب التگرينيا هم أكبر جماعة عرقية في إرتريا، إذ، إذ تضم نحو 50% من سكان البلد. كما توجد تجمعات معتبرة من التگرينيا في الشتات. وهم يتكلمون لغة التگرينيا [1][2][3][4][5]
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التاريخ
One view believes that the name comes from the word tegeret (“ተገረት”) (ግ፣ ንጽል፣ ኣንስ), meaning “to ascend”. The word tegeru (“ተገሩ”) (ግ፣ ብዙ) describes the ascension of the earliest indigenous people to the mountainous highlands of Eritrea as the plateau's first settlers. The Tigrinya tribe, known as Tigretes, were first mentioned alongside the Tigre people around 1000 BC near Adulis.[3][2][6]
التگرينيا والتگراي والتگرى
In Eritrea the Tigrinya people are referred to as Biher-Tigrinya people or the "Kebessa" people, kebessa meaning Eritrean highlands. Both the Tigrinya and Tigre tribes in Eritrea are very close kin to the ethnic group Tigrayans in Tigray, Ethiopia. All the Tigrinyas, Tigre, and Tigrayans peoples were supposedly from the same group until the 8th century, and shared the Aksumite Kingdom before its demise. [7]
These people grew apart in lexical, societal construction and dialect from around the 9th century. Tigrayans in Tigray abandoned the declining Kingdom of Aksum and the Tigrinya people built the kingdom of Medri Bahri in Eritrea by Bahre Negasi (also known as Bahre Negash; "king of the sea" in English), and the Tigrayans built the Zagwe Dynasty in Ethiopia by Morara Gebrekrstos of Hamassien.
The divergence between the two Tigrinya language speaking peoples have been recorded.
The Tigrinya people in Eritrea and the Tigrayan people in Ethiopia have been erroneously portrayed as the same people sharing common ancestors with the exclusion of Tigre people from the domain.
Tigrinya tribe in Eritrea (except for a few communities along the border) do not consider themselves the same people as the Tigrayan tribe in Tigray, Ethiopia. Some Tigrayans consider themselves to be the same as the Tigrinya people in Eritrea-sharing common ancestors.
There has been discord between these two narratives for centuries and it has been partially responsible in igniting several wars, most recently the Eritrean-Ethiopian (1998 – 2000) border war.
الأصل
It is believed that the first ancestors of the human race migrated to other parts of the world from this area. Bob Walter discovered the oldest evidence of stone tools near the coastal areas of Eritrea. The tools are believed to be 125,000 years old.[8]
There were already people living on the Red Sea coast and Eritrean highlands from the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic ages.[9]
Recent archaeological evidence points to the existence of pre-Axumite settlements in highland Eritrea, the region the Tigrinya inhabit. These early settlements are approximately 2,800 years old and support the notion of independent cultural development in the highlands. This idea is opposed to the theory that highland culture originated in other places. The settlement patterns and apparent lifestyles of these early sites appear closely related to modern Tigrinya settlement patterns. Meaning that Tigrinya ancestors are the original inhabitors of the area. [10]
اللغة
Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see Demographics of Eritrea), and the fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic. The Eritrean version of the language is spelled as Tigrigna/ትግርኛ and pronounced differently implying the actual dialect adhered by Eritrean Tigrinya speakers. Similarly, the Ethiopian version of the language is spelled as Tigrinya "ትግርና" and pronounced in line with the dialect adhered by Tigrinya speakers in Ethiopia.
Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically.[11] No dialect appears to be accepted as a standard.
المستوطنات والممالك
أونا
The oldest settled pastoral and agricultural community lived in Ona (the villages and towns around Asmara) around 800 BC. It was the oldest known indigenous culture in the Horn Africa.[12] Archaeologist Peter Schmidt compared the Asmara settlement to Athens and Rome.[13] The language known as Tigre was believed to be spoken in the region around 1000 BC.
مملكة دعمت
دعمت D'mt أو Daamat كان يُعتقد أنها موطن مجتمع مستقر في جنوب إرتريا وشمال إثيوپيا منذ حوالي القرن الثامن ق.م. إلى القرن الرابع ق.م.. الأدلة الأثرية من مملكة دعمت هي قليلة.[14]
Metera
Metera was a major city in the Dʿmt and Aksumite kingdoms. Since Eritrean independence, the National Museum of Eritrea has petitioned the Ethiopian government to return artifacts removed from the site, though their efforts have been rebuffed.[15] Hawulti, a pre-Aksumite or early Aksumite era obelisk, is situated here.
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Qohaito
Rock art near Qohaito appears to indicate habitation in the area since the fifth millennium BC, while the town is known to have survived until the sixth century. Mount Emba Soira, Eritrea's highest mountain, and a small successor village lies near the site.
Qohaito is often identified as the town Koloe described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Greco-Roman document dated to the end of the first century,[6] which thrived as a stop on the trade route between Adulis and Aksum. It is thought that crops were interspersed with buildings in the town. Old edifices included the pre-Christian Temple of Mariam Wakino and the Sahira Dam, which might also be pre-Aksumite.[16]
The ruins at Qohaito were first located in 1868, though they were erroneously identified as a "Greek depot" at the time.[17] A related site outside of Senafe, Matara, lies about 15 kilometres to the south and was excavated in the 1960s.
مملكة مدري بحري
After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Kingdom of Medri Bahri, ruled by Bahri Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahri ("between the seas/rivers", i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). Like Kingdom of Axum, Medri Bahri was also an Christian kingdom.
الهامش
- ^ "The Sabeans and Other Ancient Genetics and Tongue: Distinguishing Fact from Legend and Modern from Ancient". www.orvillejenkins.com. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
- ^ أ ب "Africa :: Eritrea — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
- ^ أ ب Fegley, Randall (1995). Eritrea (World Bibliographical Series). ABC-CLIO. p. 7. California, USA. ISBN 1851092455.
- ^ Smidt, Wolbert. "An Annotated Late Eighteenth Century Map of Ethiopia" (in الإنجليزية).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Lipsky, George A; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (1962). Ethiopia: its people, its society, its culture (in الإنجليزية). New Haven: HRAF Press. OCLC 414073.
- ^ أ ب G.W.B. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 (London: British Academy, 1989), pp. 38f
- ^ Cliffe, Lionel; Davidson, Basil (1988). The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace (in الإنجليزية). The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-37-0.
- ^ Connor, Steve (2000). "Earliest humans were crab-eating beachcombers". Independent. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
- ^ Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Beyin, Amanuel (2009). "Late Stone Age Shell Middens on the Red Sea Coast of Eritrea". The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology (in الإنجليزية). 4 (1): 108–124. doi:10.1080/15564890802662171. ISSN 1556-4894.
- ^ "Tigrinya | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
- ^ Leslau, Wolf (1941) Documents Tigrigna (Éthiopien Septentrional): Grammaire et Textes. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
- ^ Greenfield, Richard (2001). "New discoveries in Africa change face of history". Questia. No 401 – via New Africa.
- ^ Schmidt, Peter (2002). "Oldest Africa Settlement found in Eritrea". BBC.
- ^ Schmidt, Peter (2006). Historical archaeology in Africa. Rowman Altamira. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0759109656.
- ^ "Eritrea wants artefacts back". 2005-10-02. Archived from the original on 2006-06-20. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ Phillipson, David (2012);Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the northern Horn, 1000 BC-AD 1300;ISBN 978-1847010414.
- ^ C. R. Markham, "Geographical Results of the Abyssinian Expedition", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 38 (1868), p. 23
