تليف نقوي

(تم التحويل من Primary myelofibrosis)
التليف النقوي الأولي
Primary myelofibrosis
مرادفاتPMF, Overt PMF, Myelofibrosis
التبويب والمصادر الخارجية
التخصصعلم الأورام وأمراض الدم
Patient UK

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التليف النقوي الأولي
Primary myelofibrosis

التليف النقوي الأولي (إنگليزية: Primary myelofibrosis، اختصاراً PMF)، هو سرطان دم نادر يصيب نخاع العظام.[1] تصنفه منظمة الصحة العالمية كأحد أنواع أمراض التكاثر النقوي، مجموعة من السرطانات التي تتضمن نمو لخلايا غير طبيعية في نخاع العظام. عادة ما يكون هذا مرتبطاً بالطفرات الجسدية في العلامات الجينية JAK2، CALR، أو MPL. في التليف النقوي الأولي، يستبدل النخاع السليم بنسيج ندبي (تليف)، مما يؤدي إلى نقص إنتاج خلايا الدم الطبيعية. تشمل الأعراض فقر الدم وزيادة العدوى وتضخم الطحال.

عام 2016، تم تصنيف التليف النقوي الأولي قبل التليفي رسميًا على أنه حالة مميزة تتطور إلى التليف النقوي الأولي الصريح في العديد من المرضى، وكان الاختلاف التشخيصي الأساسي هو درجة التليف.[2]

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الأعراض والعلامات

The primary feature of primary myelofibrosis is bone marrow fibrosis,[3] but it is often accompanied by:


الأسباب

The underlying cause of PMF is unknown (idiopathic disease).[5] There is an association between mutations to the JAK2, CALR, or MPL gene and myelofibrosis.[6] Approximately 90% of those with myelofibrosis have one of these mutations and 10% carry none of these mutations. These mutations are not specific to myelofibrosis, and are linked to other myeloproliferative neoplasms, specifically polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.[3]

The V617F mutation to the JAK2 protein is found in approximately half of individuals with primary myelofibrosis.[7] The V617F mutation is a change of valine to phenylalanine at the 617 position. Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases essential for the activation of signaling that is mediated by cytokine receptors lacking catalytic activity. These include receptors for erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, most interleukins and interferon.[7] JAK2 mutations are significant because JAK2 plays a role in controlling production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. The V617F mutation appears to make hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors that need JAK2 for signal transduction, which include erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.[8]

The MPL gene codes for a protein that acts as a receptor for thrombopoietin. A mutation in that gene, known as a W515 mutation, leads to the production of an abnormal thrombopoietin receptor protein, which results in the overproduction of abnormal megakaryocytes. The abnormal megakaryocytes stimulate other cells, the fibroblasts, to produce collagen in the bone marrow,[9] by secreting PDGF and TGF-β1.[10]

الآلية

Myelofibrosis is a clonal neoplastic disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cellular components. It is one of the myeloproliferative disorders, diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced at some stage. Production of cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor by the abnormal hematopoietic cell clone (particularly by megakaryocytes)[11] leads to replacement of the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow by connective tissue via collagen fibrosis. The decrease in hematopoietic tissue impairs the patient's ability to generate new blood cells, resulting in progressive pancytopenia, a shortage of all blood cell types. However, the proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen is a secondary phenomenon, and the fibroblasts themselves are not part of the abnormal cell clone.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In primary myelofibrosis, progressive scarring, or fibrosis, of the bone marrow occurs, for the reasons outlined above. The result is extramedullary hematopoiesis, i.e. blood cell formation occurring in sites other than the bone marrow, as the hemopoetic cells are forced to migrate to other areas, particularly the liver and spleen. This causes an enlargement of these organs. In the liver, the abnormal size is called hepatomegaly. Enlargement of the spleen is called splenomegaly, which also contributes to causing pancytopenia, particularly thrombocytopenia and anemia. Another complication of extramedullary hematopoiesis is poikilocytosis, or the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Myelofibrosis can be a late complication of other myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, and less commonly, essential thrombocythemia. In these cases, myelofibrosis occurs as a result of somatic evolution of the abnormal hematopoietic stem cell clone that caused the original disorder. In some cases, the development of myelofibrosis following these disorders may be accelerated by the oral chemotherapy drug hydroxyurea.[12]

مواقع تكون الدم

The principal site of extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis is the spleen, which is usually markedly enlarged, sometimes weighing as much as 4000 g. As a result of massive enlargement of the spleen, multiple subcapsular infarcts often occur in the spleen, meaning that due to interrupted oxygen supply to the spleen partial or complete tissue death happens. On the cellular level, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, granulocyte precursors and megakaryocytes, with the megakaryocytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition, as discussed under "Mechanism" above. Sometimes unusual activity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets is seen. The liver is often moderately enlarged, with foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Microscopically, lymph nodes also contain foci of hematopoiesis, but these are insufficient to cause enlargement.[بحاجة لمصدر]

There are also reports of hematopoiesis taking place in the lungs. These cases are associated with hypertension in the pulmonary arteries.[13]

The bone marrow in a typical case is hypercellular and diffusely fibrotic. Both early and late in disease, megakaryocytes are often prominent and are usually dysplastic.[بحاجة لمصدر]

التشخيص

Epidemiologically, the disorder usually develops slowly and is mainly observed in people over the age of 50.[14]

Diagnosis is made on the basis of bone marrow biopsy. Fibrosis grade 2 or 3 defines overt PMF whereas grade 0 or 1 defines prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis.[بحاجة لمصدر]

A physical exam of the abdomen may reveal enlargement of the spleen, the liver, or both.[3]

Blood tests are also used in diagnosis. Primary myelofibrosis can begin with a blood picture similar to that found in polycythemia vera or chronic myeloid leukemia. Most people with myelofibrosis have moderate to severe anemia. Eventually thrombocytopenia, a decrease of blood platelets develops. When viewed through a microscope, a blood smear will appear markedly abnormal, with presentation of pancytopenia, which is a reduction in the number of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells may show abnormalities including bizarre shapes, such as teardrop-shaped cells, and nucleated red blood cell precursors may appear in the blood smear (leukoerythroblastic reaction). Normally, mature red blood cells in adults do not have a cell nucleus, and the presence of nucleated red blood cells suggests that immature cells are being released into the bloodstream in response to a very high demand for the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells. Immature white cells and platelets (large megakaryocytes) are also seen in blood samples, and basophil counts are increased. When late in the disease progression an attempt is made to take a sample of bone marrow by aspiration, it may result in a dry tap, meaning that where the needle can normally suck out a sample of semi-liquid bone marrow, it produces no sample because the marrow has been replaced with collagen fibers. A bone marrow biopsy will reveal collagen fibrosis, replacing the marrow that would normally occupy the space.[بحاجة لمصدر]

العلاج

The one known curative treatment is allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but this approach involves significant risks.[15] Other treatment options are largely supportive, and do not alter the course of the disorder (with the possible exception of ruxolitinib, as discussed below).[16] These options may include regular folic acid,[17] allopurinol[18] or blood transfusions.[19] Dexamethasone, alpha-interferon and hydroxyurea (also known as hydroxycarbamide) may play a role.[20][21][22]

Lenalidomide and thalidomide may be used in its treatment, though peripheral neuropathy is a common troublesome side-effect.[22]

Frequent blood transfusions may also be required.[19] If the patient is diabetic and is taking a sulfonylurea, this should be stopped periodically to rule out drug-induced thrombocytopenia.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Splenectomy is sometimes considered as a treatment option for patients with myelofibrosis in whom massive splenomegaly is contributing to anaemia because of hypersplenism, particularly if they have a heavy requirement for blood transfusions. However, splenectomy in the presence of massive splenomegaly is a high-risk procedure, with a mortality risk as high as 3% in some studies.[23]

In November 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ruxolitinib (Jakafi) as a treatment for intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis.[24][25] Ruxolitinib serves as an inhibitor of JAK 1 and 2. The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) published results from two Phase III studies of ruxolitinib. These data showed that the treatment significantly reduced spleen volume, improved symptoms of myelofibrosis, and was associated with much improved overall survival rates compared to placebo.[26][27] However, the beneficial effect of ruxolitinib on survival has been recently questioned.[28]

In August 2019, the FDA approved fedratinib (Inrebic) as a treatment for adults with intermediate-2 or high-risk primary or secondary (post-polycythemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia) myelofibrosis (MF).[29]

In March 2022, the FDA approved pacritinib (Vonjo) with an indication to treat adults who have intermediate or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis and who have platelet (blood clotting cells) levels below 50,000/µL.[30]

التاريخ

Myelofibrosis was first described in 1879 by Gustav Heuck.[31][32] Eponyms for the disease are Heuck-Assmann disease or Assmann's Disease, for Herbert Assmann,[33] who published a description under the term "osteosclerosis" in 1907.[34]

It was characterised as a myeloproliferative condition in 1951 by William Dameshek.[35][36]

The disease was also known as myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia[37] The World Health Organization utilized the name chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis until 2008, when it adopted the name of primary myelofibrosis.

In 2016, the WHO revised their classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms to define Prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis as a distinct clinical entity from overt PMF.[2]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Myelofibrosis Facts" (PDF). The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  2. ^ أ ب Finazzi, Guido; Vannucchi, Alessandro M.; Barbui, Tiziano (7 November 2018). "Prefibrotic myelofibrosis: treatment algorithm 2018". Blood Cancer Journal (in الإنجليزية). 8 (11): 104. doi:10.1038/s41408-018-0142-z. ISSN 2044-5385. PMC 6221891. PMID 30405096.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Tefferi, Ayalew (2014). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". American Journal of Hematology. 89 (9): 915–925. doi:10.1002/ajh.23703. ISSN 0361-8609. PMID 25124313. S2CID 26059182.
  4. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  5. ^ "Primary Myelofibrosis". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  6. ^ Tefferi, A; Lasho, T L; Finke, C M; Knudson, R A; Ketterling, R; Hanson, C H; Maffioli, M; Caramazza, D; Passamonti, F; Pardanani, A (2014). "CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons". Leukemia. 28 (7): 1472–1477. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.3. ISSN 0887-6924. PMID 24402162. S2CID 52852665.
  7. ^ أ ب Staerk, Judith; Constantinescu, Stefan N. (2014). "The JAK-STAT pathway and hematopoietic stem cells from the JAK2 V617F perspective". JAK-STAT. 1 (3): 184–190. doi:10.4161/jkst.22071. ISSN 2162-3996. PMC 3670242. PMID 24058768.
  8. ^ Them, Nicole C. C.; Kralovics, Robert (2013). "Genetic Basis of MPN: Beyond JAK2-V617F". Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports. 8 (4): 299–306. doi:10.1007/s11899-013-0184-z. ISSN 1558-8211. PMID 24190690. S2CID 31976721.
  9. ^ Tefferi, A (2010). "Novel mutations and their functional and clinical relevance in myeloproliferative neoplasms: JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH and IKZF1". Leukemia. 24 (6): 1128–1138. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.69. ISSN 0887-6924. PMC 3035972. PMID 20428194.
  10. ^ Schmitz, B., Thiele, J., Witte, O., Kaufmann, R., Wickenhauser, C., & Fischer, R. (1995). Influence of cytokines (IL‐1α, IL‐3, IL‐11, GM‐CSF) on megakaryocyte‐fibroblast interactions in normal human bone marrow. European journal of haematology, 55(1), 24-32.
  11. ^ Chou JM, et al. (2003). "Bone marrow immunohistochemical studies of angiogenic cytokines and their receptors in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". Leukemia Research. 27 (6): 499–504. doi:10.1016/S0145-2126(02)00268-0. PMID 12648509.
  12. ^ Najean Y, Rain JD (1997). "Treatment of polycythemia vera: the use of hydroxyurea and piprobroman in 292 patients under the age of 65 years". Blood. 90 (9): 3370–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.9.3370. PMID 9345019.
  13. ^ Trow, TK; et al. (2010). "A 71-Year-Old Woman With Myelofibrosis, Hypoxemia, and Pulmonary Hypertension". Chest. 138 (6): 1506–10. doi:10.1378/chest.10-0973. PMID 21138888.
  14. ^ Primary Myelofibrosis, Merck.
  15. ^ Cervantes F (March 2005). "Modern management of myelofibrosis". Br. J. Haematol. 128 (5): 583–92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05301.x. PMID 15725078. S2CID 32940012.
  16. ^ Kröger N, Mesa RA (March 2008). "Choosing between stem cell therapy and drugs in myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 22 (3): 474–86. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2405080. PMID 18185525.
  17. ^ Vener, C; Novembrino, C; Catena, FB; Fracchiolla, NS; Gianelli, U; Savi, F; Radaelli, F; Fermo, E; Cortelezzi, A; Lonati, S; Menegatti, M; Deliliers, GL (Nov 2010). "Oxidative stress is increased in primary and post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis". Experimental Hematology. 38 (11): 1058–65. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2010.07.005. PMID 20655352.
  18. ^ Srinivasaiah, N; Zia, MK; Muralikrishnan, V (Dec 2010). "Peritonitis in myelofibrosis: a cautionary tale". Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International. 9 (6): 651–3. PMID 21134837.
  19. ^ أ ب Tefferi, A; Siragusa, S; Hussein, K; Schwager, SM; Hanson, CA; Pardanani, A; Cervantes, F; Passamonti, F (Jan 2010). "Transfusion-dependency at presentation and its acquisition in the first year of diagnosis are both equally detrimental for survival in primary myelofibrosis--prognostic relevance is independent of IPSS or karyotype". American Journal of Hematology. 85 (1): 14–7. doi:10.1002/ajh.21574. PMID 20029953.
  20. ^ Barosi, Giovanni (2011). "Conventional and Investigational Therapy for Primary Myelofibrosis". Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. pp. 117–138. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-266-7_6. ISBN 978-1-60761-265-0.
  21. ^ Spivak, JL; Hasselbalch, H (Mar 2011). "Hydroxycarbamide: a user's guide for chronic myeloproliferative disorders". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 11 (3): 403–14. doi:10.1586/era.11.10. PMID 21417854. S2CID 22568536.
  22. ^ أ ب Lacy, MQ; Tefferi, A (Apr 2011). "Pomalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma and myelofibrosis: an update". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 52 (4): 560–6. doi:10.3109/10428194.2011.552139. PMID 21338284. S2CID 7011964.
  23. ^ Barugola G, et al. (2010). "The role of splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". Minerva Chirurgica. 65 (6): 619–25. PMID 21224796.
  24. ^ "FDA Approves Incyte's Jakafi(TM) (ruxolitinib) for Patients with Myelofibrosis" (Press release). Incyte. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  25. ^ McCallister E, Usdin S (5 December 2011). "A PROfessional Trial". BioCentury.
  26. ^ Harrison, C; Kiladjian, JJ; Al-Ali, HK; Gisslinger, H; Waltzman, R; Stalbovskaya, V; McQuitty, M; Hunter, DS; Levy, R; Knoops, L; Cervantes, F; Vannucchi, AM; Barbui, T; Barosi, G (1 March 2012). "JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (9): 787–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110556. hdl:2158/605459. PMID 22375970.
  27. ^ Verstovsek, S; Mesa, RA; Gotlib, J; et al. (1 March 2012). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (9): 799–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110557. PMC 4822164. PMID 22375971.
  28. ^ Cervantes, Francisco; Pereira, Arturo (16 February 2017). "Does ruxolitinib prolong the survival of patients with myelofibrosis?". Blood. 129 (7): 832–837. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-11-731604. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 28031182.
  29. ^ "FDA approves fedratinib for myelofibrosis". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 August 2019.
  30. ^ "FDA approves drug for adults with rare form of bone marrow disorder". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.  هذا المقال يضم نصاً من هذا المصدر، الذي هو مشاع.
  31. ^ Lichtman MA (July 2005). "Is it chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis, or chronic megakaryocytic leukemia? Further thoughts on the nosology of the clonal myeloid disorders". Leukemia. 19 (7): 1139–41. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403804. PMID 15902283. S2CID 20399830.
  32. ^ Heuck, G (1879). "Zwei Fälle von Leukämie mit eigenthümlichem Blut- resp. Knochenmarksbefund". Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin. 78 (3): 475–496. doi:10.1007/BF01878089. S2CID 32911188.
  33. ^ synd/2799 at Who Named It?,
  34. ^ Ansell, Stephen M. (1 January 2008). Rare Hematological Malignancies. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-387-73744-7.
  35. ^ Judith E. Karp (2007). Acute myelogenous leukemia. Humana Press. pp. 385–. ISBN 978-1-58829-621-4. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  36. ^ Dameshek W (April 1951). "Some speculations on the myeloproliferative syndromes". Blood. 6 (4): 372–5. doi:10.1182/blood.V6.4.372.372. PMID 14820991.
  37. ^ Tefferi, Ayalew (2003). "The Forgotten Myeloproliferative Disorder: Myeloid Metaplasia". The Oncologist (in الإنجليزية). 8 (3): 225–231. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.8-3-225. ISSN 1549-490X. PMID 12773744. S2CID 33814200.


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