نمر (ناقلة جنود مدرعة)

(تم التحويل من Namer)
لمعلومات عن استخدامات أخرى، انظر نمر (توضيح).
نمر
Namer IFV/APCNamer with TROPHY active protection system
أعلى: Namer HAPC in a drill، مدرعة بـ M2 Browning على RCWS.
أسفل: مدرعة نمر مزودة بنظام حماية تروفي APS وبراوننگ.
النوع
مكان الأصلإسرائيل
تاريخ الخدمة
في الخدمةمنذ 2008
يستخدمهالجيش الإسرائيلي
الحروب
تاريخ الانتاج
المصممإسرائيل للصناعات العسكرية
الصانعفيلق العتاد (التجميع)
تكلفة الوحدة3 مليون دولار [1]
أُنتِج2008–present
No. المُنتج
  • ما يصل إلى 120 دبابة تعمل حالياً
  • 531 الإجمالي المزمع إنتاج حتى 2027[2]
المواصفات
الوزن63.5 طن[3]
الطاقم3 (commander, driver, RCWS operator) + 9 troops
الدرعClassified composite matrix of laminated ceramic–steel–nickel alloy + underlaid reactive armour. Sloped modular design.
التدريع
الرئيسي
Samson RCWS equipped with either 12.7 mm (0.50 in) M2 machine gun or Mk 19 grenade launcher
التدريع
الثانوي
المحرك1,200 hp (895 kW) turbocharged diesel engine
القدرة/الوزن20 hp/tonne (15 kW/tonne)
سعة الحمولة9 جندي مشاة[4]
التعليقHelical spring
المدى
العملياتي
500 كم
السرعة85.2 كم/س

نمر (بالعبرية: נמ"ר‎، تـُنطق [naˈmeʁ]، إنگليزية: Namer)، هي ناقلة جنود مدرعة مبنية على هيكل دبابة مركاڤا مارك 4.[5] طورها ويجمعها حالياً فيلق العتاد الإسرائيلي. دخلت ناقلة الجنود المدرعة نمر الخدمة بأعداد محدودة مع الجيش الإسرائيلي منذ نهاية عام 2008. نظرًا للقيود على الميزانية، كان إدخال نمر في الجيش الإسرائيلي بطيئًا، مما جعل القوات البرية تعتمد على إم 113 لعدة سنوات قادمة.[6]

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التاريخ

النموذج الأولي للمركبة يعتمد على هيكل مركاڤا مارك 1. لاحظ الجانب المستقيم من الهيكل.
ناقلة جنود نمر تعتمد على هيكل مركاڤا مارك 4. لاحظ الجانب المائل من الهيكل.
الجزء الخلفي من نمر يُظهر التصميم المنحدر الذي حل محل الأبواب الصدفية.


ع. 1990–2004

The experience of converting Centurion tanks into armored personnel carriers (Nagmashot, Nagmachon) and combat engineering vehicles (Puma, Nakpadon), followed by the conversion of many T-54 and T-55 tanks into Achzarit infantry fighting vehicles further promoted the idea of converting Merkava tanks into heavily armored APCs / IFVs. This concept was also driven by the fact that many of the ~250 Merkava Mark I tanks were being withdrawn from service and it was also made clear that the 105 mm armament of the Merkava Mark IIs could not be upgraded with the modern IMI 120 mm gun.

The development did not progress much in the 1990s due to funding issues, but following 2004 Israel–Gaza conflict, which exposed the vulnerability of the M113 armored personnel carrier to improvised explosive devices and rocket-propelled grenades, the IDF reconsidered the development.[7] At that point the Stryker armored personnel carrier was considered but was rejected by the IDF.[8]

2005–الحاضر

Eventually, IDF Ordnance developed infantry fighting vehicle prototypes based on the Merkava Mark I chassis, and also a handful of IFVs based on the Merkava Mark IV chassis.[9] The vehicle was initially called Nemmera (Hebrew: leopardess), but later renamed to Namer (Hebrew: leopard), while the name Nemmera refers to a Merkava-based ARV.

On 15 February 2005, Maariv reported that a Namer prototype based on the Merkava Mark I was fielded by the Givati Brigade for trials and evaluation. It was equipped with a Rafael Overhead Weapon Station, which is remotely controlled and loaded from within the vehicle. This same unit was demonstrated at the Eurosatory 2005 military exhibition where potential export customers showed interest.

Lessons learned in the battles of the 2006 Lebanon War also largely validated this program. Consequently, in 2007 it was reported[10] that the first fifteen Namers would be delivered in 2008, and over a hundred more would finally equip two combat brigades. However, conversion plans were abandoned in favor of newly built Merkava Mark IV chassis.

The Namer was the first IDF vehicle designed by computer (CAD), which allowed the vehicle to be designed more rapidly than previous vehicles.

On 1 March 2008, an operational, started from scratch and fully developed Namer IFV based on Merkava Mark IV chassis was officially presented by the IDF.[11] Reportedly, the construction was expedited in May 2008 by importing parts from the US.[12] On 15 September 2008, the Namer was unveiled to the general public at an exhibition in Rishon LeZion.

To speed up the production of the Namers (which have been taking place domestically) on 25 October 2010, it was announced that General Dynamics Land Systems had been chosen to negotiate a contract to manufacture and integrate an unspecified number of vehicle hulls at the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center in Lima, Ohio.[13]

After cutting back orders for the Namer in 2014 due to budget constraints,[14] in 2015 the IDF increased its orders for parts, in expectation of orders of complete systems. The move is in part a response to the death of 7 Golani Brigade soldiers who were killed by an RPG in Gaza while riding an elderly M113 whose engine stalled in the middle of the battlefield.[15] The orders from General Dynamics are occurring alongside domestic production of the vehicles.

It was originally planned to be equipped with Israel Military Industries's Iron Fist active protection system;[16] however, due to budget limitations the installation of an active protection system has been delayed. From 2016, nearly a decade later than planned,[17] the IDF said that it will begin to fit newly built Namers with Rafael's Trophy active protection system.

Budgetary constraints and lack of prioritization of ground forces have meant that the IDF continuously cut back its orders of the Namer.[6] As of 2014, the pace of Namer purchases was still considered slow, with around 30 being produced each year, meaning that there would not be 500 of the vehicles in the IDF until 2027.[2]

On 6 March 2016, the Jerusalem Post reported that all new Namers would be delivered with the Trophy active protection system. They also reported that the quantity ordered had been doubled from the previous year.[18]

At the end of 2016, the IDF Combat Engineering Corps started to operate the Namer CEV (Hebrew: נמ"ר הנדסי – נמר"ה). The Namer CEV is equipped with Trophy active protection system and engineering devices such as mine rollers, bulldozer blades and anti-mine CARPET rockets. It is used in 2023 war in Gaza. Hamas attempted to destroy one or two with 105 Alyasin RPGs but the warheads were intercepted by Israeli Trophy systems.

Namer in Yad La-Shiryon, Latrun.

التصميم

القدرة على البقاء

Namer has been designed for survivability and rapid repair, with modular armor, V-hull belly armor pack, and CBRN defense.

Namer during training.

According to Brigadier general Yaron Livnat, they are more heavily armored than the Merkava IV tanks: "The weight saved by eliminating the turret was 'reinvested' in beefing up the armor."[19]

From 2016 onwards, it is planned for some of them to begin to be equipped with a Trophy active protection system.[20]

Israel's defense ministry stated in 2015: "The Namer is considered to be the most protected armored combat vehicle in the world, which proved its abilities during fighting in Operation Protective Edge against many threats." As a result, it plans to introduce more of the vehicles into the army over the next decade, to replace the M113s currently in service.[21]

التسليح

Namer is armed with either a M2 Browning machine gun or a Mk 19 grenade launcher mounted on a Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station as well as a 7.62 mm (FN MAG) machine gun and a 60 mm mortar. Smoke grenade launchers are also carried.

On 31 July 2017, the Israeli Defense Ministry released video of an infantry fighting vehicle version of the Namer fitted with an unmanned turret armed with a 30 mm cannon; the turret is equipped with the Trophy APS. The Namer IFV offers more firepower for infantry units and provides a better response in urban combat operations.[22]

On 12 December 2018, the Israeli Defense ministry released a further video of the IFV version of the Namer launching two Spike-MR missiles from a pod which can be erected from and lowered flush into the turret roof. A defense ministry spokesperson stated the installation "will enable IDF soldiers to fire missiles from within the vehicles, while they are still protected, which will significantly increase the attack range of the vehicles". The automated launch pod will also be fitted to the turret of the Eitan AFV.[23]

القدرات

Namer IFV version

Namer is capable of maneuvering in difficult terrain, powered by the Teledyne Continental AVDS-1790-9AR 1,200 hp (895 kW) V12 air-cooled diesel engine of the Merkava Mark III. Namer is able to carry up to 12 troops (crewmen and fully equipped infantrymen) and one stretcher, or two stretchers and medical equipment on a Namerbulance MEDEVAC version.[24] The original Merkava Mark IV rear entrance was redesigned to be a wider door ramp with a sniper port. Two hatches are fitted on the roof, which is higher than Merkava's hull roof. Namer also shares a digital battlefield management system with Merkava Mark IV, giving it hunter-killer team capabilities.

نمر CEV

Namer CEV version in Yad La-Shiryon 69th Independence Day exhibition.
Namer CEV in IDF exhibition, 2018

On 13 April 2016, the Israeli Defense Ministry released video and photos of combat engineering versions of the Namer undergoing testing. There are three combat engineering derivatives: a bulldozer version to be operated by company commanders; a breaching and obstacle bridging version to be operated by platoon commanders; and a towing version to be operated by platoon sergeants. Additional engineering devices, such as CARPET mine-breaching rockets, can be installed per mission. Combat engineering Namers are equipped with the Trophy APS, and would endow brigade-level teams with capabilities they never had before to deal with tunnels, bridge obstacles, and maneuver in high-threat areas.[25] The Namer CEV entered service in the end 2016, at Battalion 603 of the Combat Engineering Corps, and is projected to enter service of the 601st Battalion in 2021.


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التاريخ العملياتي

In 2014, Namers took part in Operation Protective Edge. During the fighting, Namers (which at the time were not fitted with Active and Soft Protection Systems) were hit multiple times by RPGs and ATGMs, including suffering direct hits by 9M133 Kornet ATGMs, but the vehicles emerged undamaged and in no instances was the armor penetrated or injuries caused. In another case, an explosive charge weighing half a ton to a ton of explosives was detonated near the Namer, and a house collapsed on the APC: nothing happened to it and the soldiers continued their mission as planned.[بحاجة لمصدر] As a result of its success on the battlefield, there were calls for the number of vehicles to be increased (beyond the 170 on order), and for them to gradually replace the many M113s currently fielded by IDF combat units. [26] In 2023, Namers took part in Operation Swords of Iron. On the 31 October 2023 a Namer was struck by an anti-tank missile while fighting Hamas militants in Northern Gaza. 11 IDF soldiers were killed. [27]

المستخدمون

  •  إسرائيل – وفقًا للجيش الإسرائيلي، من المقرر توزيع مركبات نمر على قوات المشاة وقوات الهندسة القتالية، مع خطط مستقبلية محتملة لنماذج خاصة لأغراض الاستخبارات والقيادة.[28] شاركت مركبتان طراز نمر في حرب غزة كجزء من لواء گولاني.[29] بحلول 2014، كان هناك أكثر من 120 مركبة نمر في الخدمة، وشاركت في حرب غزة 2014. دخلت مركبة نمر CEV (المركبة الهندسية المقاتلة) الخدمة نهاية 2015. بحسب تقديرات 2022، لدى الجيش الغسرائيلي حوالي 290 مركبة نمر.[30]

مقترحات التصدير

نمر أثناء التقييم العملياتي الأمريكي عام 2012.
  • أذربيجان أذربيجان – أجرت أذربيجان وإسرائيل مفاوضات بشأن مركبة نمر.[31]
  •  كولومبيا – عرضت إسرائيل على كلومبيا شراء ناقلات جنود مدرعة طراز نمر.[32]
  • Flag of الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة – أجرى الجيش الأمريكي تقييمات عملياتية للمركبات غير التطويرية للمركبات القتالية الحالية عام 2012 لتقييم القدرات مقابل متطلبات شراء مركبة قتالية برية جديدة لبرنامج المركبات القتالية البرية. إحدى المركبات التي جرى تقيميها مركبات نمر.[33] في أبريل 2013، أصدر مكتب الميزانية في الكونگرس تقريرًا ينصح بشراء مركبات حالية بدلاً من تطوير مركبة جديدة لبرنامج المركبات القتالية البرية. شراء نمر سيكلف أقل بـ 9 مليار دولار، ويلبي القدرة الاستيعابية المطلوبة لتسعة أفراد.[34] رد الجيش بالقول إنه على الرغم من أن نمر والمركبات الأخرى التي تم تقييمها عام 2012 استوفت بعض متطلبات المركبات القتالية البرية، إلا أنه لا توجد مركبة ميدانية حاليًا تلبي ما يكفي دون الحاجة إلى إعادة تصميم كبيرة.[35]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Anshel Pfeffer (16 February 2014). צה"ל הכניס לשימוש נגמ"ש חדש מתוצרת ישראלית [IDF put to use new Israeli-made armored personnel carrier]. Haaretz (in العبرية). Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  2. ^ أ ب Yehoshua, Yossi (22 September 2014). "Ya'alon approves addition of 200 advanced APCs for the IDF". Ynetnews.
  3. ^ http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3480/3844509317_36447a7cc1_b.jpg قالب:Bare URL image
  4. ^ "New Artillery Cannon for APC". IDF official site.
  5. ^ Scott C. Farquhar (2009). "Namer"+"armored+personnel+carrier"&pg=PA86 Back to Basics: A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEAD. Government Printing Office. p. 86. ISBN 9780982328330. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  6. ^ أ ب Ya'alon approves addition of 200 advanced APCs for the IDF Yossi Yehoshua Published:09.22.14, ynetnews
  7. ^ Amnon Barzilai (10 June 2004). תוכנית "נמרה": טנק המרכבה 1 יוסב לנגמ"ש [Program "Nemmera": Tank will be altered APC]. Haaretz (in العبرية). Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  8. ^ "Armored warfare: Israel Drops Stryker for Merkava APC". Fresh.co.il. 11 January 2005.
  9. ^ Gelbart, Marsh (2004). Modern Israeli Tanks and Infantry Carriers 1985–2004. Bryan, Anthony 'Tony' illus. Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 1-84176-579-1.
  10. ^ "Armor: The Ultimate IFV". Strategy Page. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  11. ^ עין הנמ"ר (in العبرية). IDF.
  12. ^ צה"ל מאיץ את ייצור ה"נמר" בסיוע ארה"ב [IDF accelerates production of Namer with assistance of United States] (in العبرية). Maariv. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  13. ^ "General Dynamics Selected for Merkava Armored Personnel Carriers for Israel" (Press release). PR Newswire. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  14. ^ "Israel halves Namer order with General Dynamics". Globes. 14 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Defense Ministry doubles orders for tank, Namer APC parts". The Jerusalem Post. 3 March 2015.
  16. ^ "Namer Heavy Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle".
  17. ^ Israel To Equip Troop Carriers With Trophy APS By Barbara Opall-Rome, Defense News 12:43 pm. EST 28 January 2016
  18. ^ "APCs with Trophy system rolling off production lines".
  19. ^ "Enter the Namer". Defense Update. June 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  20. ^ נגמ"ש העתיד של צה"ל ימוגן ב"מעיל רוח" מאת: אמיר בוחבוט, מערכת וואלה! חדשות
  21. ^ In wake of last year's war in Gaza, Defense Ministry ramps up orders for new APCs By YAAKOV LAPPIN, 5 May 2015, The Jerusalem Post
  22. ^ Israeli Ministry of Defense introduces NAMER tracked IFV with 30mm automatic cannon – Armyrecognition.com, 2 August 2017
  23. ^ TOI Staff. "In first, Israel test-fires anti-tank missile from unmanned APC turret". the Times of Israel. TOI. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  24. ^ הגלגול הבא של הנמ"ר – אמבולנס משוריין (in العبرية). Official IDF site.
  25. ^ Israel Tests Engineering Versions of APS-Protected Troop Carrier – Defensenews.com, 13 April 2016
  26. ^ הסיפורים נחשפים: כך הנגמ"שים החדישים הצילו את חיי הלוחמים בעזה 13/08/14 16:21:38
  27. ^ Fifteen Israeli Soldiers Killed As Fighting Intensifies In Gaza - theguardian.com, 1st Nov 2023
  28. ^ "Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) – Namer". IDF. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009.
  29. ^ מה עשו שני נמ"רים בלב רצועת עזה? (in العبرية). IDF. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009.
  30. ^ Military Balance 2022
  31. ^ "Israel rearms Azerbaijani army". PanARMENIAN.Net. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  32. ^ "Israel offers Merkava tanks and Namers to Colombia". Army Recognition. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  33. ^ "US Army conducts NDV assessments for GCV programme". Army Technology. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  34. ^ Michael Hoffman (3 April 2013). "Report: GCV is worst choice to replace Bradley". DoDBuzz.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  35. ^ Michael Hoffman (4 April 2013). "Army, industry slam CBO's scathing GCV report". DoDBuzz.com. Retrieved 18 August 2014.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Namer APC.
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