العصر الگراڤتي

(تم التحويل من Gravettian)
Gravettian
Two Gravette points، أداة مميزة للعصر الگراڤتي
النطاق الجغرافيأوروپا
الفترةالعصر الحجري القديم العلوي
التواريخ33,000[1] to 21,000 ق.ح.[هل هذا التاريخ معاير؟][أ]
الموقع النمطيLa Gravette
المواقع الرئيسيةدوردونيه
السماتتماثيل ڤينوس صغيرة
سبقهاالعهد الأوريگناسي
تلاهاالسولوتري، حول الگراڤتي
عرّفهاDorothy Garrod, 1938[3]
العصر الحجري القديم
↑ پليوسين (قبل هومو)
الپاليوليثي السفلي
 (3.3ح. 3.3 م‌س – 300 أس)
الپاليوليثي الأوسط
 (ح. 300–45 أس)
الپاليوليثي العلوي
 (ح. 50–10 أس)
الهلال الخصيب:

أوروپا:

أفريقيا:

سيبيريا:

↓ العصر الحجري الوسيط

الگراڤتية Gravettian كانت صناعة أثرية في العصر الحجري القديم العلوي الأوروپي الذي تلا العهد الأوريگناسي حوالي 33,000 سنة قبل الحاضر.[1][4] أثرياً، هي آخر ثقافة أوروپية يعتبر كثيرون موحدة،[5] واختفى معظمها حوالي 22,000 ق.ح.، بالقرب من Last Glacial Maximum, although some elements lasted until ح. 17,000 BP.[2] في اسبانيا وفرنسا، فقد تلاها العهد السولوتري، وتطورت إلى أو تواصلت كـحول گراڤتية في إيطاليا والبلقان وأوكرانيا[6] وروسيا.[7]

تـُعرَف الثقافة الگراڤتية بتماثيل ڤينوس المصغرة، المنحوتة عادةً من العاج أو الحجر الجيري. تم التعرف على تلك الثقافة لأول مرة في موقع لا گراڤـِت La Gravette في الإقليم الجنوب غربي دوردونيه بفرنسا.[8]

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الثقافة الگراڤتية

The Gravettians were hunter-gatherers who lived in a bitterly cold period of European prehistory, and the Gravettian lifestyle was shaped by the climate. Pleniglacial environmental changes forced them to adapt. West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period. Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known mainly from cave sites in France, Spain and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture, were specialized mammoth hunters,[8] whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open air sites.

ڤينوس موراڤاني، منحوتة من عاج ناب ماموث

Gravettian culture thrived on their ability to hunt animals. They utilized a variety of tools and hunting strategies. Compared to theorized hunting techniques of Neanderthals and earlier human groups, Gravettian hunting culture appears much more mobile and complex. They lived in caves or semi-subterranean or rounded dwellings which were typically arranged in small "villages". Gravettians are thought to have been innovative in the development of tools such as blunted-back knives, tanged arrowheads and boomerangs.[8] Other innovations include the use of woven nets and oil lamps made of stone.[9] Blades and bladelets were used to make decorations and bone tools from animal remains.

Gravettian culture extends across a large geographic region, as far as Estremadura in Portugal.[10] but is relatively homogeneous until about 27,000 BP.[11] They developed burial rites,[9] which included the inclusion of simple, purpose-built offerings and/or personal ornaments owned by the deceased, placed within the grave or tomb.[12] Surviving Gravettian art includes numerous cave paintings and small, portable Venus figurines made from clay or ivory, as well as jewelry objects. The fertility deities mostly date from the early period; there are over 100 known surviving examples. They conform to a very specific physical type, with large breasts, broad hips and prominent posteriors. The statuettes tend to lack facial details, and their limbs are often broken off.[11]

During the post glacial period, evidence of the culture begins to disappear from northern Europe but was continued in areas around the Mediterranean.[11]


الغذاء

Animals were a primary food source for early humans of the Gravettian period.[13] Since Europe was extremely cold during this period, food sources needed to be high in energy and fat content. Testing comparisons among various human remains reveal that populations at higher latitudes placed greater dietary emphasis on meat. A defining trait distinguishing Gravettian people was their ease of mobility compared to their Neanderthal counterparts. Modern humans developed the technology and social organization that enabled them to migrate with their food source whereas Neanderthals were not adept at travelling, even with relatively sedentary herds.[14]

With their ability to move with the herds, Gravettian diets incorporated a huge variety of animal prey. The main factors were the animal's age and size. For example, first year deer offered hides most suitable for clothing, while fourth year deer contained far more meat.[15] Gravettian diet included larger animals such as mammoths, hyenas, wolves, and reindeer killed with stone or bone tools, as well as hares and foxes captured with nets.[16] This time period is classified by the strong emphasis on meat consumption because agriculture had not been fully introduced nor utilized. In addition, the climate was not favorable to stable crop cultivation.[13]

Coastal Gravettians were able to avail of marine protein. From remains found in Italy and Wales, carbon dating reveals that 20-30% of Gravettian diets of coastal peoples consisted of sea animals.[17][18] Populations of lower latitudes relied more on shellfish and fish while higher latitudes' diets consisted of seals.[18]

النمط الطبيعي

A reconstruction by Libor Balák, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological research. The reconstruction depicts the Lady of Brassempouy from the Western Gravettian

Physical remains of people of the Gravettian have revealed that they were tall and relatively slender people. The male height of the Gravettian culture ranged between 179 and 188 centimetres (5 ft 10 in and 6 ft 2 in) tall with an average of 183.5 centimetres (6 ft 0.2 in), which is exceptionally tall not only for that period of prehistory, but for all periods of history.[19][20]

They were fairly slender and normally weighed between 67–73 kilograms (148–161 lb), although they would likely have had a higher ratio of lean muscle mass compared to body fat in comparison to modern humans as a result of a very physically active and demanding lifestyle. The females of the Gravettian were much shorter, standing 158 centimetres (5 ft 2 in) on average, with an average weight of 54 kilograms (119 lb). Examinations of Gravettian skulls reveal that high cheekbones were common among them.[21][22][23]

الصيد

A gravettian burin, a chisel

Clubs, stones and sticks were the primary hunting tools during the Upper Paleolithic period. Bone, antler and ivory points have all been found at sites in France; but proper stone arrowheads and throwing spears did not appear until the Solutrean period (~20,000 قبل الحاضر). Due to the primitive tools, many animals were hunted at close range.[24] The typical artefact of Gravettian industry, once considered diagnostic, is the small pointed blade with a straight blunt back. They are today known as the Gravette point,[25] and were used to hunt big game. Gravettians used nets to hunt small game, and are credited with inventing the bow and arrow.[8][بحاجة لمصدر]

Gravettian settlers tended towards the valleys that pooled migrating prey.[24] Examples found through discoveries in Gr. La Gala, a site in Southern Italy, show a strategic settlement based in a small valley.[26] As the settlers became more aware of the migration patterns of animals like red deer, they learned that prey herd in valleys, thereby allowing the hunters to avoid travelling long distances for food. Specifically in Gr. La Gala, the glacial topography forced the deer to pass through the areas in the valley occupied by humans.[26] Additional evidence of strategically positioned settlements include sites like Klithi in Greece, also placed to intercept migrating prey.[15]

Discoveries in the Czech Republic suggest that nets were used to capture large numbers of smaller prey, thus offering a quick and consistent food supply and thus an alternative to the feast/famine pattern of large game hunters. Evidence comes in the form of 4 mm (0.16 in) thick rope preserved on clay imprints.[16] Research suggests that although no larger net imprints have been discovered, there would be little reason for them not to be made as no further knowledge would be required for their creation.[16] The weaving of nets was likely a communal task, relying on the work of both women and children.[16]

استخدام بقايا الحيوانات

الزينة والأدوات

The Gravettian era landscape is most closely related to the landscape of present-day Moravia. Pavlov I في جنوب موراڤيا is the most complete and complex Gravettian site to date, and a perfect model for a general understanding of Gravettian culture. In many instances, animal remains indicate both decorative and utilitarian purposes. In the case of, for example, Arctic foxes, incisors and canines were used for decoration, while their humeri and radii bones were used as tools. Similarly, the skeletons of some red foxes contain decorative incisors and canines as well as ulnas used for awls and barbs.[27]

Some animal bones were only used to create tools. Due to their shape, the ribs, fibulas, and metapodia of horses were good for awl and barb creation. In addition, the ribs were also implemented to create different types of smoothers for pelt preparation. The shapes of hare bones are also unique, and as a result, the ulnas were commonly used as awls and barbs. Reindeer antlers, ulnas, ribs, tibias and teeth were utilised in addition to a rare documented case of a phalanx.[27] Mammoth remnants are among the most common bone remnants of the culture, while long bones and molars are also documented. Some mammoth bones were used for decorative purposes. Wolf remains were often used for tool production and decoration.[27]

الجينات

In a genetic study published in Nature in May 2016, the remains of fourteen Gravettians were examined. The eight samples of Y-DNA analyzed were determined to be three samples of haplogroup CT, one sample of I, one sample of IJK, one sample of BT, one sample of C1a2, one sample of F. Of the fourteen samples of mtDNA, there were thirteen samples of U and one sample of M. The majority of the sample of U belonged to the U5 and U2.[28]

In a genetic study published in Nature in November 2020, the remains of one adult male and two twin boys from a Gravettian site were examined. The Y-DNA analysis revealed that all 3 individuals belonged to haplogroup I.[29] The 3 individuals had the same mtDNA, U5.

انظر أيضاً

A replica of the Gravettian Venus of Lespugue. The Gravettians produced a large number of Venus figurines
سبقه
Aurignacian 		Gravettian
33,000–24,000 cal BP 		تبعه
Solutrean


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ The transition to the Epigravettian is not well-defined, and the Gravettian may be extended down to 17,000 years ago with the most inclusive definition, based on anything that may be considered Gravettian (burials, venus statues, lithics)[2]

المراجع

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  2. ^ أ ب Pesesse, Damien (2013). "Le Gravettien existe-t-il? Le prisme du système technique lithique" [Does the Gravettian exist? The prism of the lithic technical system]. In Marcel Otte (ed.). Les Gravettiens. Civilisations et cultures (in الفرنسية). Paris: Éditions errance. pp. 66–104. ISBN 978-2877725095. D'ailleurs selon les auteurs et les thèmes abordés, la définition et donc les contours du Gravettien variant, parfois considérablement. Tantôt certains ensembles de la plaine russe seront intégrés sur la base des témoignages funéraires, tantôt les statuettes féminines serviront d'argument pour annexer les rives du lac Baïkal à cette supra-entité. De même, le Gravettien débuterait vers 31,000 BP ou 27,000 BP selon les régions pour finir parfois à 22,000 BP, parfois à 17,000 BP. Ce ne sont pas là de menues différences. [Besides, depending on the authors and the subjects at hand, the definition and therefore the borders of the Gravettian vary, sometimes considerably. Sometimes, certain assemblages of the Russian plains are integrated on the basis of funerary customs, other times feminine statuettes are used to annex the shores of Lake Baikal to this supra-entity. Likewise, the Gravettian would start around 31,000 or 27,000 BP depending on the region and finish sometimes at 22,000 BP, sometimes at 17,000 BP. These are not small differences.]
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  28. ^ Fu 2016.
  29. ^ Teschler-Nicola, Maria; Fernandes, Daniel; Händel, Marc; Einwögerer, Thomas; Simon, Ulrich; Neugebauer-Maresch, Christine; Tangl, Stefan; Heimel, Patrick; Dobsak, Toni; Retzmann, Anika; Prohaska, Thomas (2020-11-06). "Ancient DNA reveals monozygotic newborn twins from the Upper Palaeolithic". Communications Biology (in الإنجليزية). 3 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01372-8. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7648643.

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