جن (مشروب كحولي)

هذا المقال هو عن the alcoholic beverage. إذا كنت تريد the card game، انظر Gin rummy. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر جن (مشروب كحولي) (توضيح).

Gin

A selection of bottled gins for sale in Georgia, United States, 2010
النوع	Distilled alcoholic drink
قـُدِّم	13th century
الكحول بالحجم	35–60%
Proof (US)	70–140°
اللون	Clear
المكونات	Barley or other grain, juniper berries
منتجات ذات صلة	Jenever

الجن (Gin) هو مشروب كحولي قوي. يصنع من تقطير كحول البذور البيضاء وتوت العرعر، الذي يمنحه طعمه الخاص. طعم الجن الطبيعي هو جاف جداً، ولهذا ، يخلط مع مشروبات أخرى.

Gin originated as a medicinal liquor made by monks and alchemists across Europe. The modern gin was modified in Flanders and the Netherlands to provide aqua vita from distillates of grapes and grains, becoming an object of commerce in the spirits industry. Gin became popular in England after the introduction of jenever, a Dutch and Belgian liquor. Although this development had been taking place since the early 17th century, gin became widespread after the 1688 Glorious Revolution led by William of Orange and subsequent import restrictions on French brandy. Gin emerged as the national alcoholic drink of England during the so-called Gin Craze of 1695–1735.

Gin is produced from a wide range of herbal ingredients in a number of distinct styles and brands. After juniper, gin tends to be flavoured with herbs, spices, floral or fruit flavours, or often a combination. It is commonly mixed with tonic water in a gin and tonic. Gin is also used as a base spirit to produce flavoured, gin-based liqueurs, for example sloe gin, traditionally produced by the addition of fruit, flavourings and sugar.

 أصل الاسم

يعود أصل كلمة "Gin جن" إلى هولندا في القرن السابع عشر. تم أختراعه من قبل الطبيب فرانسيسكوس سيلفيوس. تم إنتشاره في إنكلترا بعد الثورة المجيدة التى وضعت هولندي على العرش البريطاني. الجن الهولندي ، المعرف بالجينيفر، يختلف بصورة واضحة عن الجن الإنكليزي، لانه مقطر من الشعير وأحياناً يعتق في الخشب لاعطائه شكل مشابه للويسكي.

 التاريخ

 الأصل: الذِكر في القرن 13

The earliest known written reference to jenever appears in the 13th-century encyclopaedic work Der Naturen Bloeme (Bruges), with the earliest printed recipe for jenever dating from 16th-century work Een Constelijck Distileerboec (Antwerp).

 القرن 21

A Bee's Knees cocktail made with gin, honey, and lemon juice

Since 2013, gin has been in a period of ascendancy worldwide, with many new brands and producers entering the category leading to a period of strong growth, innovation and change. More recently gin-based liqueurs have been popularised, reaching a market outside that of traditional gin drinkers, including fruit-flavoured and usually coloured "Pink gin", rhubarb gin, Spiced gin, violet gin, blood orange gin and sloe gin. Surging popularity and unchecked competition has led to consumer's conflation of gin with gin liqueurs and many products are straddling, pushing or breaking the boundaries of established definitions in a period of genesis for the industry.

 التعريف القانون

 مؤشرات جغرافية

انظر أيضاً: Geographical indication

Some legal classifications (protected denomination of origin) define gin as only originating from specific geographical areas without any further restrictions (e.g. Plymouth gin (PGI now lapsed), Ostfriesischer Korngenever, Slovenská borovička, Kraški Brinjevec, etc.), while other common descriptors refer to classic styles that are culturally recognised, but not legally defined (e.g. Old Tom gin). Sloe gin is also worth mentioning, as although technically a gin-based liqueur, it is unique in that the EU spirit drink regulations stipulate the colloquial term "sloe gin" can legally be used without the "liqueur" suffix when certain production criteria are met.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 الولايات المتحدة

In the United States of America, "gin" is defined as an alcoholic beverage of no less than 40% ABV (80 proof) that possesses the characteristic flavour of juniper berries. Gin produced only through the redistillation of botanicals can be further distinguished and marketed as "distilled gin".

 الانتاج

 الطرق

Gin can be broadly differentiated into three basic styles reflecting modernization in its distillation and flavouring techniques:

Pot distilled gin represents the earliest style of gin, and is traditionally produced by pot distilling a fermented grain mash (malt wine) from barley or other grains, then redistilling it with flavouring botanicals to extract the aromatic compounds. A double gin can be produced by redistilling the first gin again with more botanicals. Due to the use of pot stills, the alcohol content of the distillate is relatively low; around 68% ABV for a single distilled gin or 76% ABV for a double gin. This type of gin is often aged in tanks or wooden casks, and retains a heavier, malty flavour that gives it a marked resemblance to whisky. Korenwijn (grain wine) and the oude (old) style of Geneva gin or Holland gin represent the most prominent gins of this class.

Column distilled gin evolved following the invention of the Coffey still, and is produced by first distilling high proof (e.g. 96% ABV) neutral spirits from a fermented mash or wash using a refluxing still such as a column still. The fermentable base for this spirit may be derived from grain, sugar beets, grapes, potatoes, sugar cane, plain sugar, or any other material of agricultural origin. The highly concentrated spirit is then redistilled with juniper berries and other botanicals in a pot still. Most often, the botanicals are suspended in a "gin basket" positioned within the head of the still, which allows the hot alcoholic vapours to extract flavouring components from the botanical charge. This method yields a gin lighter in flavour than the older pot still method, and results in either a distilled gin or London dry gin, depending largely upon how the spirit is finished.

Compound gin is made by compounding (blending) neutral spirits with essences, other natural flavourings, or ingredients left to infuse in neutral spirit without redistillation.

 إضافة النكهات

Popular botanicals or flavouring agents for gin, besides the required juniper, often include citrus elements, such as lemon and bitter orange peel, as well as a combination of other spices, which may include any of anise, angelica root and seed, orris root, cardamom, pine needles and cone, licorice root, cinnamon, almond, cubeb, savory, lime peel, grapefruit peel, dragon eye (longan), saffron, baobab, frankincense, coriander, grains of paradise, nutmeg, cassia bark or others. The different combinations and concentrations of these botanicals in the distillation process cause the variations in taste among gin products.

Chemical research has begun to identify the various chemicals that are extracted in the distillation process and contribute to gin's flavouring. For example, juniper monoterpenes come from juniper berries. Citric and berry flavours come from chemicals such as limonene and gamma-terpinene linalool found in limes, blueberries and hops amongst others. Floral notes come from compounds such as geraniol and eugenol. Spice-like flavours come from chemicals such as sabinene, delta-3-carene, and para-cymene.

In 2018, more than half the growth in the UK Gin category was contributed by flavoured gin.

 مشروبات روحية مماثلة

A similar drink, also made with juniper berries and called Borovička, is produced in the Slovak Republic.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 الاستهلاك

 كوكتيلات الجن الكلاسيكية

A well known gin cocktail is the martini, traditionally made with gin and dry vermouth. Several other notable gin-based drinks include:

• 20th Century
• Aviation
• Bee's Knees
• Bloody Margaret
• Fallen Angel
• French 75
• Gibson
• Gimlet
• Gin and tonic
• Gin Fizz
• Gin Rickey
• Lonkero
• Moon River
• Negroni
• Old Etonian
• Pink Gin
• Ramos Gin Fizz
• Singapore Sling
• The Last Word
• Tom Collins
• Vesper
• White Lady

 أبرز الماركات

• Archie Rose Distilling Co. – Sydney microdistillery
• Aviation American Gin – Oregon, US, one of the early New Western style gins
• Beefeater – England, first produced in 1820
• BOLS Damrak – Netherlands, jenever
• The Botanist – Hebridean island of Islay, Scotland, made with 31 botanicals, 22 being native to the island
• Blackwood's – Scotland
• Bombay Sapphire – England, distilled with ten botanicals
• Boodles British Gin – England
• Booth's Gin – England
• Broker's Gin – England
• Catoctin Creek – organic gin from Virginia, US
• Citadelle – France
• Cork Dry Gin – Ireland
• Gilbey's – England
• Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin – England
• Ginebra San Miguel – Philippines
• Gordon's – England, first distilled in 1763
• Greenall's – England
• Hendrick's Gin – Scotland, infused with flavours of cucumber and rose petal
• Konig's Westphalian Gin – Germany
• Leopolds Gin – Colorado, US
• Masons Gin – North Yorkshire, England
• Nicholson's – England, made in London from 1730
• Plymouth – England, first distilled in 1793
• Pickering's Gin – Scotland, from Edinburgh's first gin distillery in 150 years
• Sacred Microdistillery – England, from one of London's new micro-distilleries
• Seagram's – Quebec, Canada
• Sipsmith – England
• Smeets – Belgium, jenever
• Steinhäger – Germany
• St. George – California, US
• Taaka – Louisiana, US
• Tanqueray – England, first distilled in 1830
• Uganda Waragi – Uganda, triple distilled Waragi
• Vickers – South Australia
• Whitley Neill Gin – England

 انظر أيضاً

• Gin palace
• List of cocktails
• List of drinks

 للاستزادة

• Deegan, Grant (1999). "From the Bathtub to the Boardroom: Gin and Its History". MY2K: Martini 2000. 1 (1). Archived from the original on 2004-10-22.
• Dillon, Patrick (2002). The Much-Lamented Death of Madam Geneva: The Eighteenth-Century Gin Craze. London: Headline Review. ISBN 978-0-7472-3545-3.
• Williams, Olivia (2015). Gin Glorious Gin: How Mother's Ruin Became the Spirit of London. London: Headline. ISBN 978-1-4722-1534-5.

 وصلات خارجية

ابحث عن gin في
قاموس المعرفة.

• EU definition original source – scroll down to paras: 20 nand 21 of Annex II – Spirit Drinks
• Gin news page – Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Gin Palaces at The Dictionary of Victorian London
• New Western Style Gins at .drinkspirits.com
• Map of Scottish Gin Producers Archived 2022-05-08 at the Wayback Machine at ginspiredscotland.com
• History of Gin at Difford's Guide