العالم الشرقي
العالم الشرقي، ويُعرف أيضاً بإسم الشرق أو تاريخياً the Orient, is an umbrella term for various cultures or social structures, nations and philosophical systems, which vary depending on the context. It most often includes Asia, the Mediterranean region and the Arab world, specifically in historical (pre-modern) contexts, and in modern times in the context of Orientalism.[1] The Eastern world is often seen as a counterpart to the Western world.
The various regions included in the term are varied, hard to generalize, and do not have a single shared common heritage. Although the various parts of the Eastern world share many common threads, most notably being in the "Global South", they have never historically defined themselves collectively. The term originally had a literal geographic meaning, referring to the eastern part of the Old World, contrasting the cultures and civilizations of Asia with those of Europe (or the Western world). Traditionally, this includes Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia.
Conceptually, the boundary between east and west is more cultural, rather than geographical, as a result of which Australia and New Zealand, which were founded as British settler colonies, are typically grouped with the Western world despite being geographically closer to the Eastern world, while the Central Asian nations of the former Soviet Union, even with significant Western influence, are grouped in the East.[2] Other than much of Asia and Africa, Europe has absorbed almost all of the societies of Oceania, North Asia, and the Americas into the Western world because of settler colonization.[3][4]
Countries such as Israel,[5] and the Philippines,[6][7] which are geographically located in the Eastern world, may be considered Westernized in some aspects of their society, culture and politics due to immigration and historical cultural influences from the United States and Europe.
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استعراض
As with other regions of the world, Asia consists of many different, extremely diverse countries, ethnic groups and cultures.[8] This concept is further debated because in some English-speaking countries, common vernacular associates the "Asian" identity to people of East Asian origin,[9][10] while in some countries the "Asian" identity is associated with people of South Asian origin, and in other contexts, Asian regions such as the Indian subcontinent are included with East Asia. West Asia (which includes Israel, part of the Arab world, Iran, etc.), which may or may not see themselves part of the Eastern world, are sometimes considered "Middle Eastern" and separate from Asia.[11]
The division between 'East' and 'West', formerly referred to as Orient and Occident, is a product of European cultural history and of the distinction between Christian Europe and the cultures beyond it to the East. With the European colonization of the Americas, the East-West dichotomy became global. The concept of an Eastern, "Indian" (Indies) or "Oriental" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism, which is notable in being a Western conception of a unified Eastern world not limited to any specific region(s), but rather all of Asia together.[12][13]
الثقافة الشرقية
While there is no singular Eastern culture of the Eastern world, there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as syncretism within these regions. These include the spread of Eastern religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism, the usage of Chinese characters or Brahmic scripts, language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others.
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson plc. 0-205-41365-X.
- ^ Meštrovic, Stjepan (1994). Balkanization of the West: The Confluence of Postmodernism and Postcommunism. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 0-203-34464-2.
- ^ "Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa". Brasembottawa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ^ Falcoff, Mark. "Chile Moves On". AEI. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ^ Sheldon Kirshner (2013-10-16). "Is Israel Really a Western Nation?". Sheldon Kirshner Journal. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard (2015-01-12). "Philippines' Shallow Capitalism: Westernization Without Prosperity". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ Hunt, Chester L. (1956). "The 'Americanization' Process in the Philippines". India Quarterly. 12 (2): 117–130. doi:10.1177/097492845601200204. JSTOR 45071116. S2CID 152671922. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
- ^ Cartmill, Matt (September 1998). "The Status of the Race Concept in Physical Anthropology" (PDF). p. 651-660. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ^ For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's BMI calculator Archived 2009-05-31 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). "Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation". Asia Society. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
And that, unfortunately, did not include any South Asians and only one Filipino. That caused a bit of an outcry. It raises a legitimate issue, of course, one about how 'brown Asians' often feel excluded from the Asian American conversation.
- ^ Khatib, Lina (2006). Filming the modern Middle East: politics in the cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab world. Library of Modern Middle East Studies, Library of International Relations. Vol. 57. I.B. Tauris. pp. 166–167, 173. ISBN 1-84511-191-5.
- ^ Tromans, 6
- ^ from the Latin oriens; Oxford English Dictionary