التوفيق Conciliation

(تم التحويل من Conciliation)
فض المنازعات
لا عنف
مكان العمل
عنف
العلاقات الدولية
نووي
غيرهم

Conciliation is a alternative dispute resolution process whereby the parties to a dispute rely on a neutral third-party known as the conciliator, to assist them in solving their dispute. The conciliator, who may meet with the parties both separately and together, does this by; lowering tensions, improving communication, interpreting issues, and assisting parties in finding a mutually acceptable outcome.

Unlike litigation or arbitration, conciliation is a voluntary, confidential, and flexible method aimed at resolving conflicts without the need for formal legal proceedings. The conciliation process has no legal standing meaning that the decision made by the conciliator is not binding. The conciliator usually has no authority to seek evidence or call witnesses, usually writes no decision, and makes no award.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conciliation process

The conciliation process begins when both parties agree to engage in it as a method of resolving a dispute.[1] There are multiple uses for this form of alternative dispute resolution including transnational intellectual property,[2] legislative assemblies,[3] peace efforts,[4] and other areas of community concern.[5][6] This can be either part of an outline contract that was handled before the dispute arose[7] or after a dispute arises.[8][9] Conciliation is a preferred method of dispute resolution compared to litigation or binding arbitration.[2] They select a conciliator by mutual consent[10] or through an appointing institution.[11] The conciliator then gathers information to understand the concerns and objectives of each side.[12] The conciliator helps the parties move toward a resolution.[13] In issues of international law this may include shuttle diplomacy.[12][14]

Most successful "conciliators" are usually highly skilled negotiators.[1] Some conciliators operate under the auspices of any one of several non-governmental entities,[15] or for governmental agencies such as the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service in the United States.[16][17]


المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Peters, Edward (1958). "The Mediator: A Neutral, a Catalyst or a Leader". Labor Law Journal. 9: 764.
  2. ^ أ ب Han, Zheng (2008). "Managing intellectual property rights". In Rowley, Chris (ed.). Managing Foreign Research and Development in the People's Republic of China (in الإنجليزية). Elsevier. pp. 117–166. doi:10.1016/b978-1-84334-153-6.50007-5. ISBN 978-1-84334-153-6. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  3. ^ Franchino, Fabio; Mariotto, Camilla (2012-12-21). "Explaining negotiations in the conciliation committee". European Union Politics. 14 (3): 345–365. doi:10.1177/1465116512468216. hdl:2434/175428. ISSN 1465-1165.
  4. ^ Tiller, Stian Johansen; Waage, Hilde Henriksen (2011). "Powerful State, Powerless Mediator: The United States and the Peace Efforts of the Palestine Conciliation Commission, 1949–51". The International History Review. 33 (3): 501–524. doi:10.1080/07075332.2011.595245. ISSN 0707-5332.
  5. ^ Conn, Stephen; Hippler, Arthur E. (1974–1975). "Conciliation and Arbitration in the Native Village and the Urban Ghetto". Judicature. 58: 228.
  6. ^ Gentle, Terry W. Jr (1999–2000). "Rethinking Conciliation under the Fair Housing Act". Tennessee Law Review. 67: 425.
  7. ^ Mason, Anthony (1998). "Mediation and Art Disputes". Art Antiquity and Law. 3: 31.
  8. ^ Chalmers, W. Ellison (1948). "The Conciliation Process". ILR Review. 1 (3): 337–350. doi:10.1177/001979394800100301. ISSN 0019-7939.
  9. ^ Wenying, Wang (2005). "The Role of Conciliation in Resolving Disputes: A P.R.C. Perspective". Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution. 20: 421.
  10. ^ Mohanty, Pragnya Paramita (2023). "Nature of Conciliation Process and Conciliator's Duties and Power". Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research. 5 (1): 1.
  11. ^ Annandale, Christopher (1993). "Make Way for the Conciliator". International Financial Law Review. 12: 30.
  12. ^ أ ب Irvin, James (1969-01-01). "The Role of Law in the Negotiated Settlement of International Disputes". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 3 (1): 58.
  13. ^ Coe, Jack J. Jr (2005). "Toward a Complementary Use of Conciliation in Investor-State Disputes - A Preliminary Sketch". U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy. 12: 7.
  14. ^ Tomuschat, Christian; Kohen, Marcelo G., eds. (2020). Flexibility in international dispute settlement: conciliation revisited. Leiden Boston: Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-04-43311-3.
  15. ^ van der Linde, Ada; Naylor, Rachel (2001). Building Sustainable Peace: Conflict, Concilation, and Civil Society in Nothern Ghana (2. Aufl ed.). Oxford (UK): Oxfam. ISBN 978-0-85598-423-6.
  16. ^ Mareschal, Patrice M. (1998). "Insights from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 18 (4): 55–67. doi:10.1177/0734371x9801800405. hdl:11244/25129. ISSN 0734-371X.
  17. ^ Strimling, Andrea (2002). "The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service: A Partner in International Conflict Prevention". Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal. 2: 417.

خطأ لوا في وحدة:Authority_control على السطر 278: attempt to call field '_showMessage' (a nil value).

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=التوفيق&oldid=4057456"