جترال

Coordinates: 35°50′46″N 71°47′09″E / 35.84611°N 71.78583°E / 35.84611; 71.78583
(تم التحويل من Chitral)
هذا المقال هو عن مدينة چترال. إذا كنت تريد الولاية الأميرية السابقة، انظر چترال (ولاية أميرية). إذا كنت تريد الضلع، انظر ضلع چترال.
Chitral
  • ݯھیترار
  • چترال
مدينة
Clockwise from top: View of Chitral Valley and Tirich Mir Shahi Qilla Shahi Mosque Chitral Fort
Clockwise from top:
الكنية: 
Qāshqār
Chitral is located in خيبر پختون‌خوا
Chitral
Chitral
Chitral is located in پاكستان
Chitral
Chitral
الإحداثيات: 35°50′46″N 71°47′09″E / 35.84611°N 71.78583°E / 35.84611; 71.78583
البلد پاكستان
Province خيبر پختون‌خوا
DistrictLower Chitral
Established1885; 139 years ago (1885
أسسهاBritish government
السمِيْField
الحكومة
[2]
 • النوعMunicipal Corporation
 • الكيانDistrict Government
 • Mayor (Lower Chitral)Shahzada Aman Ur Rehman[1] (PTI)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي14٬850 كم² (5٬730 ميل²)
المنسوب
[3]
1٬494 m (4٬902 ft)
التعداد
 (2017)[4]
 • الإجمالي49٬780
 • الكثافة3٫4/km2 (8٫7/sq mi)
صفة المواطنChitralis
Languages
 • OfficialUrdu[5]
 • RegionalChitrali[5]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5:00 (Pakistan Standard Time)
Zip Code
17200[6][7]
مفتاح الهاتف0943
لوحة السيارةCL
الموقع الإلكترونيlowerchitral.kp.gov.pk

چترال/جترال/تشترال (Chitral ؛ قالب:Lang-khw) is a city situated on the Chitral River in northern area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It serves as the capital of the Lower Chitral District, and was previously the capital of Chitral District, and before that the capital of Chitral princely state. The region was encompassed into West Pakistan between the years 1969 and 1972. It has a population of 49,780 per the 2017 census.[4]

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التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: چترال (ولاية أميرية)

Nothing definitive is recorded about the town’s first settlers. In the 3rd century AD, Kanishka, the Buddhist ruler of the Kushan empire, occupied Chitral. In the 4th century AD, the Chinese overran the valley. Raees rule over Chitral began in 1320 and came to an end in the 15th century. From 1571 onwards Chitral was the capital of the princely state of Chitral under the rule of the Katur Dynasty.[8]


العصور القديمة

Gankoreneotek Grave in Singoor.

The existence of the Gandharan Grave Culture in Chitral,[9] found in various grave sites scattered over its valleys gives an insightful knowledge of its inhabitants following the Indo-Aryan migrations, after the decline of Indus Valley civilization.[10][11] The Gankorineotek cemetery in Singoor is home to several ancient burial sites, dating back to the Vedic period.[12][13][14]

The area which now forms Chitral was reportedly conquered by the Persian Achaemenids and was a part of one of their easternmost satraps.[15] In the third century CE, Kanishka, the Buddhist ruler of the Kushan empire, occupied Chitral. Under the Kushans, many Buddhist monuments were built around the area, mainly Buddhist stupas and monasteries. The Kushans also patronised Buddhist art; some of the finest examples of the image of Buddha were produced in the region under the Kushan rule.[16]

عهد كتور

مسجد شاهي في چترال

From 1571 to 1969, Chitral was the dominion of the أسرة كتور.[17][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] The British and Sikh garrison suffered a siege by the Chitralis, possibly aided by Afghan forces, in 1895. The garrison was relieved after six weeks, and the British installed the young Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar ("ruler"). He ruled for the next 41 years.[18]

الضم لپاكستان

In 1947, following the division of the British colony of India, princely states were offered the choice to either remain independent or to choose one of the two new dominions. Initially, Chitral chose to remain independent Monarchy. Later, the Mehtar of Chitral, who was a friend of Quaid E Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, acceded to Pakistan and thus Chitral became one of the princely states of Pakistan. Through 1969 to 1972, it was fully integrated into Pakistan as the administrative district of Chitral.[19]

الدور في حرب كشمير الأولى

Chitral played an instrumental role in the 1947–1948 first Kashmir war. Immediately after acceding to Pakistan, Mehtar Muzaffar ul-Mulk proclaimed Jihad to 'liberate' Kashmir from the Dogras. At this point, the Gilgit scouts were retreating and the Dogra forces had made gains in the Burzil pass. Under these circumstances, the Chitral scouts relieved the Gilgit scouts in Domel and Kamri sectors whilst the Chitral Bodyguard force went towards Skardu. The Chitral bodyguards under the leadership of a Chitral Prince laid one of the longest sieges in military history which ended with the fall of Skardu, the surrender of the Dogras, and the capture of Baltistan. During this time, the Chitral scouts assimilated with the Gilgit scouts and went on towards taking the Kargil pass.[20]

الجغرافيا

متوسط ارتفاع المدينة هو 1,500 متر.

المناخ

In contrast to more southerly valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chitral has a dry Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with almost no rainfall during the very hot summers. Precipitation occurs mainly from spring thunderstorms brought about by western frontal systems. In the winter the night time temperature occasionally drops to −10 C. Winter snowfall in the town can be quite heavy with an accumulation of up to two feet being quite common, at higher elevations snowfall can reach as high as 20 metres (70 ft)[بحاجة لمصدر].

Climate data for چترال، خيبر پختونخوا
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		28.0
(82.4) 		34.3
(93.7) 		38.3
(100.9) 		42.5
(108.5) 		44.4
(111.9) 		42.2
(108.0) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		44.4
(111.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.9
(42.6) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−12.2
(10.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.4
(1.51) 		63.8
(2.51) 		97.3
(3.83) 		71.7
(2.82) 		43.9
(1.73) 		5.1
(0.20) 		4.9
(0.19) 		8.0
(0.31) 		7.3
(0.29) 		15.6
(0.61) 		20.4
(0.80) 		38.5
(1.52) 		414.9
(16.32)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 134.0 133.7 150.4 188.6 247.0 286.3 285.4 258.6 231.0 214.0 182.5 130.7 2٬442٫2
Source: NOAA (1971-1990) [21]


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السكان

المقالة الرئيسية: لغات چترال

Urdu is the official language of the city.[5] According to the 1981 census, Khowar is the main language and is spoken by 98% of the population. Kalasha is also spoken by a small population.[22]

As per the 2017 census, Chitral has a population of 49,780.[4]

الديمغرافيا التاريخية

الدين في بلدة چترال
الدين Population (1901)[23] النسبة (1901)
الإسلام Star and Crescent.svg 3,452 42.47%
الهندوسية Om.svg 2,709 33.33%
السيخية Khanda.svg 1,826 22.47%
الإجمالي 8,128 100%

المؤسسات التعليمية

أشخاص بارزون

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of Chitrali people

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "LG polls: PTI sweeps elections in upper & lower Chitral". The News International newspaper). 2 April 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  2. ^ "District Chitral (Upper & Lower)". Department of Local Government, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  3. ^ Ahmada, Munir; Muhammadb, Dost; Mussaratb, Maria; Naseerc, Muhammad; Khand, Muhammad A.; Khanb, Abid A.; Shafi, Muhammad Izhar (2018). "Spatial variability pattern and mapping of selected soil properties in hilly areas of Hindukush range northern, Pakistan". Eurasian Journal of Soil Science. 7 (4): 355. doi:10.18393/ejss.466424. Retrieved 29 August 2019 – via dergipark.org.tr.
  4. ^ أ ب ت "Khyber Pakhtūnkhwā / North-West Frontier (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  5. ^ أ ب ت "Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  6. ^ Postal code
  7. ^ "List of Postal Codes of GPOs of Chitral Pakistan Post 2023".
  8. ^ "Chitral, a Study in Statecraft" (PDF). IUCN.
  9. ^ Ali, Ihsan; Batt, Cathy; Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (1 September 2002). "New exploration in the Chitral Valley, Pakistan: an extension of the Gandharan Grave culture". Antiquity. 76 (293): 647–654. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00091055. S2CID 53462554. Retrieved 11 March 2023 – via go.gale.com.
  10. ^ Schug, Gwen Robbins; Walimbe, Subhash R. (13 April 2016). A Companion to South Asia in the Past (in الإنجليزية). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-05547-1.
  11. ^ "Mera Chitral: History of chitral". Mera Chitral. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  12. ^ "3 Child burial at Gankorineotek cemetery, Chitral, excavated in 2007-2008". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  13. ^ Hemphill, Brian E.; Zahir, Muhammad; Ali, Ihsan (29 December 2017). "Skeletal Analysis of Gandharan Graves at Shah Mirandeh, Singoor, Chitral".
  14. ^ "Scientists say discovery of 3,000-year-old burial site key to tracing origins of Pakistan's Chitral". Arab News PK. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  15. ^ Notes on Chitral. L.D. Scott. 1903.
  16. ^ Gurdon's Report on Chitral. Gurdon. 1903.
  17. ^ "Chitral, a Study in Statecraft" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  18. ^  Holdich, Thomas Hungerford (1911). "Chitral" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 6 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 251–252. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Osella, Filippo; Soares, Benjamin (2010). Islam, Politics, Anthropology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4443-2441-9.
  20. ^ "Full text of "An Illustrated History of Chitral Scouts 1900-2015"". archive.org. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  21. ^ "Chitral Climate Normals 1971-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  22. ^ "Population Demography". Kpktribune.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province" (PDF). 24 October 2023. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739.

ببليوجرافيا

  • Decker, D. Kendall (1992). Languages of Chitral. Ishi Press International. ISBN 4871875202.
  • Durand, Col. A. (1899). The Making of a frontier.
  • Leitner, G. W. (1893). Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author's The Languages and Races of Dardistan (First reprint ed.). New Delhi: Manjusri Publishing House. ISBN 4871877787.

للاستزادة

  • Allan, Nigel J. R.; Buddruss, Georg (1991). "CHITRAL". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 5. pp. 487–494.

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chitral.

قالب:Lower-Chitral-Union-Councils

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=جترال&oldid=3971920"