شعب الهونزا

(تم التحويل من Burusho people)
Burusho people
بُرُشݸ‎
Burusho women in the Hunza Valley, Pakistan.jpg
A group of Burusho women in the Hunza Valley, Pakistan
إجمالي التعداد
126,300 (2018)[1]
اللغات
Burushaski[2]
الدين
Ismaili Shia and Shia Islam[3][4][5]

The Burusho, or Brusho (Burushaski: بُرُشݸ‎, burúśu[6]), also known as the Botraj,[7][8] are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the Yasin, Hunza, Nagar, and other valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan,[9] with a tiny minority of around 350 Burusho people residing in Jammu and Kashmir, India.[8][10] Their language, Burushaski, has been classified as a language isolate.[11]

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History

Although their origins are unknown, it is claimed that the Burusho people "were indigenous to northwestern India and were pushed higher into the mountains by the movements of the Indo-Aryans, who traveled southward sometime around 1800 B.C."[4]

Prior to the modern era, the area in which most Burusho now live was part of the princely state of Hunza under the British Raj, until becoming part of Pakistan.[12]


Culture

The Burusho are known for their rich music and dance culture, along with progressive views towards education and women.[13]

Longevity myth

It is popularly believed that the Hunza people live around 120 years. But more quantitative research is needed to prove this number.

Peace, harmony and less exposure to stress in the people of Hunza valley is linked to their longer life spans.[14] The lack of urban harms, the healthy way of life, moderate use of fruits and vegetables and other factors contribute to the health and long life of this people.[15]

Some independent writer have refuted these longevity myth,[16] citing a life expectancy of 53 years for men and 52 for women, although with a high standard deviation.[17]

Jammu and Kashmir

A group of 350 Burusho people also reside in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, being mainly concentrated in Batamalu, as well as in Botraj Mohalla, which is southeast of Hari Parbat.[8] This Burusho community is descended from two former princes of the British Indian princely states of Hunza and Nagar, who with their families, migrated to this region in the 19th century A.D.[8] They are known as the Botraj by other ethnic groups in the state,[8] and practice Shiite Islam.[18] Arranged marriages are customary.[19]

Since the partition of India in 1947, the Indian Burusho community have not been in contact with the Pakistani Burusho.[20] The Government of India has granted the Burusho community Scheduled Tribe status, as well as reservation, and therefore, "most members of the community are in government jobs."[8][18] The Burusho people of India speak Burushashki, also known as Khajuna, and their dialect, known as Jammu & Kashmir Burushashski (JKB), "has undergone several changes which make it systematically different from other dialects of Burushaski spoken in Pakistan".[18] In addition, many Jammu & Kashmiri Burusho are multilingual, also speaking Kashmiri and Hindustani, as well as Balti and Shina to a lesser extent.[18]

Genetics

A variety of Y-DNA haplogroups are seen among certain random samples of people in Hunza. Some haplogroups found in the Burusho were R1a1 and R2a, the former of which is associated with Indo-European peoples and the Bronze Age migration into South Asia c. 2000 BC, and probably originated in either South Asia,[21][22] [23][24][25][26] Central Asia[27][28] or Iran and the Caucasus.[29][30] R2a, unlike its extremely rare parent R2, R1a1 and other clades of haplogroup R, is now virtually restricted to South Asia. Two other typically South Asian lineages, haplogroup H1 and haplogroup L3 (defined by SNP mutation M20) have also been observed from few samples.[31][28]

Other Y-DNA haplogroups reaching considerable frequencies among the Burusho are haplogroup J2, associated with the spread of agriculture in, and from, the neolithic Near East,[27][28] and haplogroup C3, of East Eurasian male origin and possibly representing the patrilineage of Genghis Khan. Present at lower frequency are haplogroups O3, also of East Eurasian male lineage, and Q Siberian male origin, P, F, and G.[28] DNA research groups the male ancestry of some of the Hunza inhabitants with speakers of Pamir languages and other mountain communities of various ethnicities, due primarily to the M124 marker (defining Y-DNA haplogroup R2a), which is present at high frequency in these populations.[32] However, they have also an East Asian genetic contribution, suggesting that at least some of their ancestry originates north of the Himalayas.[33] No Greek genetic component among the Burusho have been detected in tests.[34][35]

Influence in the Western world

Healthy living advocate J. I. Rodale wrote a book called The Healthy Hunzas in 1948 that asserted that the Hunzas, noted for their longevity and many centenarians, were long-lived because they consumed healthy organic foods, such as dried apricots and almonds, and had plenty of fresh air and exercise.[36] He often mentioned them in his Prevention magazine as exemplary of the benefits of leading a healthy lifestyle.

Dr. John Clark stayed among the Hunza people for 20 months and in his 1956 book Hunza - Lost Kingdom of the Himalayas[37] writes: "I wish also to express my regrets to those travelers whose impressions have been contradicted by my experience. On my first trip through Hunza, I acquired almost all the misconceptions they did: The Healthy Hunzas, the Democratic Court, The Land Where There Are No Poor, and the rest—and only long-continued living in Hunza revealed the actual situations". Regarding the misconception about Hunza people's health, Clark also writes that most of his patients had malaria, dysentery, worms, trachoma, and other health conditions easily diagnosed and quickly treated. In his first two trips he treated 5,684 patients.

The October 1953 issue of National Geographic had an article on the Hunza River Valley that inspired Carl Barks' story Tralla La.[38]

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "Burushaski". Ethnologue (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  2. ^ "TAC Research The Burusho". Tribal Analysis Center. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  3. ^ Sidky, M. H. (1 April 1994). "Shamans and mountain spirits in Hunza. (northern Pakistan)". Asian Folklore Studies. doi:10.2307/1178560. JSTOR 1178560. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
  4. ^ أ ب West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania (in الإنجليزية). Infobase Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 9781438119137. Another, more likely origin story, given the uniqueness of their language, proclaims that they were indigenous to northwestern India and were pushed higher into the mountains by the movements of the Indo-Aryans, who traveled southward sometime around 1800 B.C.E.
  5. ^ Lorimer, D. L. R. (1939). The Ḍumāki Language: Outlines of the Speech of the Ḍoma, Or Bērīcho, of Hunza (in الإنجليزية). Dekker & van de Vegt. p. 13.
  6. ^ Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2006). Burushaski Urdu Dictionary - Volume 1 / بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد اول (الف تا څ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. ISBN 969-404-66-0 Archive.org
  7. ^ Berger, Hermann (1985). "A survey of Burushaski studies". Journal of Central Asia. 8 (1): 33–37.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Ahmed, Musavir (2016). "Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar". Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies. 3 (1): 1–10. doi:10.29333/ejecs/51. ISSN 2149-1291.
  9. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change" (PDF). Repositories.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  10. ^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition (in الإنجليزية). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  11. ^ "Burushaski language". Encyclopædia Britannica online.
  12. ^ Haji, Qudratullah Beg (1980). "Tarikh-e-Ehd Atiiq Riyasat Hunza (English Translation By Lt Col (Rtd) Saadullah Beg, TI(M) psc,)".
  13. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 433. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  14. ^ Vlahchev, Todor; Zhivkov, Zoran (2002). "[Hunza - a healthy and a long living people]". Asklepii: Bolgaro-Sovetskii Ezhegodnik Istorii I Teorii Meditsiny. 15: 96–97. ISSN 0324-1300. PMID 16060041.
  15. ^ "[Hunza - a healthy and a long living people]". ResearchGate. February 2002.
  16. ^ Wrench, Dr Guy T (1938). The Wheel of Health: A Study of the Hunza People and the Keys to Health. 2009 reprint. Review Press. ISBN 978-0-9802976-6-9. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  17. ^ Tierney, John (29 September 1996). "The Optimists Are Right". The New York Times.
  18. ^ أ ب ت ث Munshi, Sadaf (2006). Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 4, 6–.
  19. ^ Hall, Lena E. (28 October 2004). Dictionary of Multicultural Psychology: Issues, Terms, and Concepts (in الإنجليزية). SAGE. p. 12. ISBN 9781452236582. Among the Burusho of India, the parents supposedly negotiate a marriage without consulting the children, but often prospective brides and grooms have grown up together and know each other well.
  20. ^ Ahmed, Musavir (2016). "Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar". Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (in الإنجليزية). 3 (1): 1–10. doi:10.29333/ejecs/51. ISSN 2149-1291. The community has no contact with their Burushos of Gilgit-Baltistan since 1947, when partition of India and Pakistan necessitated the division of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir. No participant was ready to move to Hunza/Nagar if provided a chance.
  21. ^ Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; et al. (2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 313–32, doi:10.1086/346068, PMID 12536373 
  22. ^ Sahoo, S.; Singh, A.; Himabindu, G.; Banerjee, J.; Sitalaximi, T.; Gaikwad, S.; Trivedi, R.; Endicott, P.; et al. (2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (4): 843–8, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMID 16415161, Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..843S 
  23. ^ Sengupta, Sanghamitra; et al. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  24. ^ Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.
  25. ^ Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; et al. (2010). Cordaux, Richard (ed.). "The Influence of Natural Barriers in Shaping the Genetic Structure of Maharashtra Populations". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e15283. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515283T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015283. PMC 3004917. PMID 21187967.
  26. ^ Thanseem, Ismail; et al. (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.
  27. ^ أ ب R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (28 August 2001).
  28. ^ أ ب ت ث Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  29. ^ Underhill 2014.
  30. ^ Underhill 2015.
  31. ^ Raheel, Qamar; et al. (2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1107–1124. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.
  32. ^ R. Spencer Wells et al., The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity Archived 21 ديسمبر 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  33. ^ Li, Jun Z (2008). "Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome wide patterns of variation". Science. 319 (5866): 1100–1104. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1100L. doi:10.1126/science.1153717. PMID 18292342. S2CID 53541133.
  34. ^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A.; Ayub, Qasim (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics (in الإنجليزية). 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  35. ^ Qamar, R; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; et al. (May 2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (5): 1107–24. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.
  36. ^ Rodale, J. I. The Healthy Hunzas 1948. Emmaus PA: Rodale Press.
  37. ^ Clark, John (1956). Hunza - Lost Kingdom of the Himalayas (PDF). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 536892.
  38. ^ The Carl Barks Library Volume 12, page 229

General and cited references

External links

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