معركة جبل بلير

Coordinates: 37°51′45″N 81°51′23″W / 37.86250°N 81.85639°W / 37.86250; -81.85639
(تم التحويل من Battle of Blair Mountain)
معركة جبل بلير
Battle of Blair Mountain
جزء من حروب الفحم في ڤرجينيا الغربية
Airfleet ordered to West Virginia Battlefield during the Blair Mountain fight 1921.png
Cover of The Washington Times with the headline that the US airfleet has been sent into West Virginia.
التاريخAugust 25 to September 2, 1921
المكان
مقاطعة لوگن، ڤرجينيا الغربية

37°51′45″N 81°51′23″W / 37.86250°N 81.85639°W / 37.86250; -81.85639
أسفرت عنانتصار تكتيكي للشرطة والجيش
  • تبرئة بيل بليزارد من الخيانة
  • معظم المعتقلين حصلوا على إما براءة أو مدة سجن قصيرة
أطراف الصراع الأهلي
عمال مناجم الفحم المضربون
عمال المناجم المتحدون
الشخصيات الرئيسية
Bill Blizzard
Mother Jones		 Don ChafinWilliam Eubanks
العدد
10,000
3,000
27,000
الضحايا والخسائر
50–100 قتيل
985 معتقل
Chafin:
10–30 killed
Army:
3 killed[1][2]

معركة جبل بلير كانت أكبر انتفاضة عمالية في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة وأكبر انتفاضة مسلحة منذ الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية.[3] نشب النزاع في مقاطعة لوگن، ڤرجينيا الغربية، كجزء من حروب الفحم، التي كانت سلسلة من النزاعات العمالية في مطلع القرن العشرين في أپالاشيا. قـُتـِل ما يصل إلى 100 شخص واِعتـُقِل أكثر من ذلك. على إثرها، شهد عمال المناجم المتحدون انخفاضات كبيرة في العضوية، ولكن الذيوع طويل المدى أدى إلى بعض التحسن في ظروف العمل.

لمدة خمسة أيام من أواخر أغسطس إلى مطلع سبتمبر 1921، واجه نحو 10,000 من عمال المناجم المسلحين 3,000 شرطي و كاسر اضراب (سـُمّوا المدافعين عن لوگن)[4] المدعومين من مشغلي منجم الفحم أثناء محاولة عمال المنجم تكوين نقابة عمال لمناجم الفحم في جنوب غرب ڤرجينيا الغربية حين تصاعد الاحتقان بين العمال وادارة المنجم. انتهت المعركة بعد اطلاق ما يقرب من مليون رصاصة[5] وتدخل الجيش الأمريكي، ممثلاً بـ الحرس الوطني لجيش ڤرجينيا الغربية بقيادة مواطن مقاطعة مكداول وليام يوبانكس،[6] بأمر من رئيس الولايات المتحدة.[7]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

خلفية

انظر أيضاً: حروب الفحم

منذ تأسيس اتحاد عمال المناجم المتحدون في عام 1890، وفي مقاطعة مينچو، ڤرجينيا الغربية، وما حولها. حيث كانت تستأجر فقط العمال الغير منضمين للإتحاد، وعقود العمل المطبقة بصرامة والتي تضمنت العضوية النقابية كسبب لفسخ عقد فوري. [8]

ونظرًا لأن عمال المناجم في المنطقة كانوا يعيشون بشكل حصري تقريبًا في مدن الشركة، فإن فسخ العقد يعني أيضًا الطرد. وفي عام 1920، سعى الرئيس الجديد لـ UMW جون إل لويس إلى إنهاء مقاومة ثلاثة عقود للنقابات في المنطقة.[9]

ولقد كان تحت ضغط متزايد للقيام بذلك من كلا عمال المناجم في أماكن أخرى المشاركون في إضراب عمال المناجم المتحدون عام 1919، ومن مشغلي المناجم المتأثرين، والذين تم تقويضهم الآن من قبل المناجم غير النقابية في ولاية ڤرجينيا الغربية.[10]

وتضمنت هذه الحملة النقابية جهوداً من الأم جونز، التي ألقت خطابات مُتقدة في سن 83،[11] وفرانك گيني، رئيس اتحاد المنطقة المحلية. حيث انضم أكثر من 3000 عامل من عمال المناجم في مقاطعة مينچو إلى الأتحاد، وتم فصلهم من العمل دون سابق إنذار. ومن ثم استأجرت شركات الفحم وكلاء من وكالة مخبر بالدوين فلتس[12] لطرد عائلات موظفيها السابقين.

في 19 مايو/أيار، عام 1920، وصل اثنا عشر محقق من بالدوين فلتس إلى ماتيوان، والذي كان من ضمنهم لي فلتس، حيث اتصل بشقيقه ألبرت فلتس. وكان ألبرت ولي شقيقا توماس فلتس، الذي كان شريك ومدير في وكالة المباحث الخاصة.

حيث كان ألبرت موجودًا في المنطقة وحاول رشوة العمدة گابيل تِسترمان بمبلغ 500 دولار لوضع مدافع رشاشة على أسطح البلدة، ولكن تِسترمان رفض . وبعد ظُهر ذلك اليوم[13] ، انطلق آلبرت ولي وأحد عشر رجلاً أخر إلى شركة ستون ماونتن للفحم. وأول عائلة قامو بطردهاكانت أمرآة وأطفالها وزوجها لم يكن في المنزل آنذاك. حيث أجبروهم على الخروج من المنزل تحت تهديد السلاح وألقوا بإمتعتهم على الطريق تحت أمطار الشتاء. [14]وذلك أغضب عمال المناجم الذين شاهدو ماذا حصل مع المرآة وعائلتها، وأرسلو بخبر إلى المدينة .

عامل منجم جبل بلير، ومعه بندقيته معلقة على كتفه

عندما سار العملاء إلى محطة القطار لمغادرة المدينة، واجههم رئيس الشرطة سيد هاتفيلد ومجموعة من عمال المناجم المنتدبين وأخبروهم أنهم رهن الاعتقال.[15]

رد ألبرت فيلتس أنه في الواقع كان لديه مذكرة اعتقال هاتفيلد. تم تنبيه تِسترمان، وهرع إلى الشارع بعد أن صاح عامل منجم بأن سيد قد تم اعتقاله. وبعدها عاد هاتفيلد إلى المخزن وطلب تِسترمان رؤية مذكرة الأعتقال وبعد قرائتها صاح العميد تِسترمان، "هذه مذكرة مزورة"وبهذه الكلمات، اندلعت معركة بالأسلحة النارية وأطلق الرئيس هاتفيلد النار على العميل ألبرت فيلتس. وقد كان تِسترمان وألبرت ولي فيلتس من بين الرجال العشرة الذين قُتلوا في المعركة (ثلاثة من المدينة وسبعة من الوكالة).[15]

وقد أصبحت هذه المعركة معروفة في مذبحة ماتيوان، وكانت أهميتها الرمزية هائلة بالنسبة لعمال المناجم. وعلى مايبدو فإن فيلتس قد هزم وتعرضت وكالة المباحث التي لاتقهر لهزيمة نكراء،[16] واصبح السيد هاتفيلد أسطورة أبدية، وبطل لأتحاد المناجم، ورمزاً للأمل في أن يتم الإطاحة بقمع عمال الفحم وأسلحتهم المستأجرة[17]. خلال الصيف وحتى خريف عام 1920، اكتسب الاتحاد قوة في مقاطعة مينچو، كما فعلت مقاومة مشغلي الفحم.

ووقعت حوادث إطلاق نار متفرقة في أعلى وأسفل نهر تاغ في أواخر يونيو، وكما داهمت شرطة الولاية بقيادة الكابتن بروگوس مستعمرة خيمة ليك كريك بالقرب من ويليامسون. حيث قيل إن عمال المناجم أطلقوا النار على رجال بروگوس ومارتن من المستعمرة، ورداً على ذلك، أطلقت شرطة الولاية النار واعتقلت عمال المناجم، ومزقت الخيام القماشية إلى أشلاء، وشتت ممتلكات عائلات عمال المناجم.وكان كلا الطرفان يدعمان بأسلحتهما، واستمر سيد هاتفيلد في تأجيج المقاومة، [18]وخاصةً عندما قام بتحويل متجر مجوهرات تِسترمان إلى متجر أسلحة.[19]

اثنان من عمال مناجم الفحم المتحدة يجلسان في عش قناص ومعهما مدفع رشاش.

وفي 26 يناير، عام 1921، بدأت محاكمة هاتفيلد بشأن قتله آلبيرت فيلتس. حيث كانت في دائرة الضوء الوطنية وجذبت الكثير من الاهتمام لقضية عمال المناجم.

Hatfield's stature and mythical status grew as the trial proceeded. He posed and talked to reporters, fanning the flames of his own legend. All men were acquitted in the end, but overall the union was facing significant setbacks.[20] Eighty percent of mines had reopened with imported replacements and ex-strikers who signed yellow-dog contracts to return to work.[21] In mid-May 1921 union miners launched a full-scale assault on non-union mines. In a short time the conflict had consumed the entire Tug River Valley. This "Three Days Battle" was finally ended by a flag of truce and the implementation of martial law.[22] From the beginning, the miners perceived the enforcement of martial law as one-sided.[23] Hundreds of miners were arrested; the smallest of infractions could mean imprisonment, while those on the side of "law and order" were seen as immune.[24] The miners responded with guerrilla tactics and sabotage.[24]

Map of the movement of the union miners during their march from Marmet towards Williamson.

In the midst of this tense situation, Hatfield traveled to McDowell County on August 1, 1921 to stand trial on charges of dynamiting a coal tipple. Along with him traveled a good friend, Ed Chambers, and their wives.[25] As they walked up the courthouse stairs, unarmed and flanked by their wives, a group of Baldwin-Felts agents standing at the top of the stairs opened fire. Hatfield was killed instantly. Chambers was bullet-riddled and rolled to the bottom of the stairs. Despite Sally Chambers' protests, one of the agents ran down the stairs and shot Chambers once more, point-blank in the back of the head.[26] Hatfield's and Chambers' bodies were returned to Matewan, and word of the slayings spread through the mountains.

The miners, angry that Hatfield had been murdered and knowing the assassins would escape punishment,[27] began to take up arms and pour out of their mountain settlements. Miners along the Little Coal River were among the first to organize, and began actions such as patrolling and guarding the area. Sheriff Don Chafin sent Logan County troopers to the Little Coal River area, where armed miners captured the troopers, disarmed them and sent them fleeing.[28]

On August 7, 1921, the leaders of the United Mine Workers (UMW) District 17, which encompasses much of southern West Virginia, called a rally at the state capitol in Charleston. These leaders were Frank Keeney and Fred Mooney, who were veterans of previous mine conflicts in the region. Both were local, well-read and articulate. Keeney and Mooney met with Governor Ephraim Morgan and presented him with a petition of the miners' demands.[29] When Morgan summarily rejected the demands, the miners became more restless and began to talk of a march on Mingo to free the confined miners, end martial law and organize the county. But Blair Mountain, Logan County, and Sheriff Chafin stood directly in the way.[30]


المعركة

Logan County Sheriff's deputies during the battle of Blair Mountain.

At a rally on August 7, Mary Harris "Mother" Jones called on the miners not to march into Logan and Mingo counties and set up the union by force. Accused by some of losing her nerve, she feared a bloodbath in a battle between lightly armed union forces and the more heavily armed Logan County deputies. Yet, feeling Morgan had lied to them again, armed men began gathering at Lens Creek Mountain, near Marmet in Kanawha County, on August 20. Four days later an estimated 13,000 had gathered and began marching towards Logan County. Impatient to get to the fighting, miners near St. Albans, in Kanawha County, commandeered a Chesapeake and Ohio freight train, renamed by the miners the Blue Steel Special, to meet up with the advanced column of marchers at Danville in Boone County on their way to "Bloody Mingo". During this time Keeney and Mooney fled to Ohio, while the fiery Bill Blizzard assumed quasi-leadership of the miners. Meanwhile, the anti-union Sheriff Chafin[31] had begun to set up defenses on Blair Mountain. He was supported financially by the Logan County Coal Operators Association, creating the nation's largest private armed force of nearly 2,000.

Short arrows indicate the location of fighting between union and nonunion forces. The long arrow shows federal troop movement.

The first skirmishes occurred on the morning of August 25. The bulk of the miners were still 15 mi (24 km) away. The following day, President Warren Harding threatened to send in federal troops and Army Martin MB-1 bombers. After a long meeting in Madison, the seat of Boone County, the miners were convinced to return home. But the struggle was far from over. After spending days assembling his private army, Chafin would not be denied his battle to end union attempts at organizing Logan County coal mines. Within hours of the Madison decision, rumors abounded that Chafin's men had shot union sympathizers in the town of Sharples, just north of Blair Mountain – and that families had been caught in crossfire during the skirmishes. Infuriated, the miners turned back toward Blair Mountain, many traveling in other stolen and commandeered trains.

Political cartoon with Uncle Sam saying to the miners "I'll give you until noon Thursday to go back to your home."

By August 29 battle was fully joined. Chafin's men, though outnumbered, had the advantage of higher positions and better weaponry. Private planes were hired to drop homemade bombs on the miners. A combination of poison gas and explosive bombs left over from World War I were dropped in several locations near the towns of Jeffery, Sharples and Blair. At least one did not explode and was recovered by the miners; it was used months later to great effect as evidence for the defense during treason and murder trials. On orders from General Billy Mitchell, Army bombers from Maryland were also used for aerial surveillance. One Martin bomber crashed on its return flight, killing the three crew members.[1][2]

On August 30, Morgan appointed Colonel William Eubanks of the West Virginia National Guard to command the government and volunteer forces confronting the miners.[32] Sporadic gun battles continued for a week, with the miners at one time nearly breaking through to the town of Logan and their target destinations, the non-unionized counties to the south, Logan and Mingo. Up to 30 deaths were reported by Chafin's side and 50–100 on the union miners' side, with hundreds more injured or wounded.[بحاجة لمصدر] Chafin's forces consisted of 90 men from Bluefield, West Virginia; 40 from Huntington, West Virginia; and about 120 from the West Virginia State Police.[33] Three of Chafin's forces, two volunteers and a deputy sheriff, were killed[34][35][36][37] and one miner was fatally wounded.[38]

Federal troops arriving in Blair, WVa and beginning to unload supplies.

Federal troops arrived by September 2. The miners, many of whom were veterans themselves, were unwilling to fire on U.S. troops.[39][40] Bill Blizzard passed the word for the miners to start heading home the following day. Miners fearing jail and confiscation of their guns found clever ways to hide rifles and handguns in the woods before leaving Logan County. Some were found later, along with many spent and live cartridges which helped archeologists reconstruct the course of the fighting.[41]

After the battle, 985 miners were indicted for murder, conspiracy to commit murder, accessory to murder, and treason against the state of West Virginia.[42] Though some were acquitted by sympathetic juries, others were imprisoned for years. The last was paroled in 1925. At Blizzard's trial, the unexploded bomb was used as evidence of the government and companies' brutality, and he was acquitted.[32]

الذكرى

Armed coal miners surrendering their weapons to federal troops.

In the short term the battle was an overwhelming victory for coal industry owners and management. UMW membership plummeted from more than 50,000 miners to approximately 10,000 over the next several years, and it was not until 1935 – following the Great Depression and the beginning of the New Deal under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt – that the UMW fully organized in southern West Virginia.

This union defeat had major implications for the UMWA as a whole. After World War I, as the coal industry began to collapse, union mining was no longer financially sustainable. Because of the defeat in West Virginia, the union was also undermined in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. By the end of 1925, Illinois was the only remaining unionized state that could compete with them in terms of soft coal production.

In the long term, the battle raised awareness of the appalling conditions miners faced in the dangerous West Virginia coalfields. It also led to a change in union tactics in political battles to get the law on labor's side, by confronting recalcitrant and abusive management. This eventually resulted in a much larger organized labor victory a few years later during the New Deal in 1933. That in turn led to the UMWA helping organize many better-known unions, such as the Steel Workers during the mid-'30s.

In the final analysis, management's success was a Pyrrhic victory that helped lead to a much larger and stronger organized labor movement in many other industries and labor union affiliations and umbrella organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

مستقبل الموقع

A group of miners display one of the bombs dropped by Chafin's airplanes.

Starting in the summer of 2006 a local hobby archeologist, Kenneth King, led a team of professional archeologists to further investigate the battlefield. King and the team's initial survey "mapped 15 combat sites and discovered more than a thousand artifacts, from rifle and shotgun shell casings to coins and batteries [and] little sign of disturbance" to the site, challenging earlier surveys conducted by Arch. In April 2008, Blair Mountain was chosen for the list of protected places on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

The site was accepted, and added to the NRHP list on March 30, 2009, although clerical errors by the West Virginia State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) failed to notarize all objections.[43] In mid-2010, "Subsidiaries of two of the United States' largest coal producers – Arch Coal, Inc., and Massey Energy Company, ... – hold permits to blast and strip-mine huge chunks of the upper slopes and ridge of Blair Mountain, removing much of the mountaintop", National Geographic reported.[44]

In October 2012 a federal district judge ruled that a coalition of preservation groups did not have standing to sue to protect the historic site.[45] On August 26, 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit voted 2–1 to overturn the ruling and returned the case.[46]

In April 2016 the order to remove the Blair Mountain battlefield from the National Register was overturned by a federal court, and the further decision to add the site back to the register was turned over to the Keeper of the National Register. On June 27, 2018, the Keeper's Office decided that the 2009 decision to remove the site from its listings was "erroneous" and issued a statement confirming that as of that date the site was again on the National Register.[47][48]

في الروايات

The Blair Mountain march, as well as the events leading up to it and those immediately following it, are depicted in the novels Storming Heaven (Denise Giardina, 1987), Blair Mountain (Jonathan Lynn, 2006), and Carla Rising (Topper Sherwood, 2015).[49] In The Ballad of Trenchmouth Taggart (Glenn Taylor, 2008) the book's main character meets Sid Hatfield, and is involved in the Matewan massacre and the ensuing battle. John Sayles' 1987 film Matewan depicts the Matewan Massacre, a small part of the Blair Mountain story. Diane Gilliam Fisher's poetry collection Kettle Bottom also focuses on the events of the Battle of Blair Mountain, from the perspective of the miners' families.


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في الموسيقى

Political cartoon showing soldier with rifle trained on striking miner; standing to the right, behind the soldier, are President Harding and a mine owner. The caption reads "West Virginia: The same old line up." (1921)

Tom Breiding's "Union Miner" from "The Unbroken Circle: Songs of the West Virginia Coalfields" (2008) accurately depicts events surrounding the Battle of Blair Mountain from the perspective of a coal miner preparing to march. "Union Miner" can be heard at virtually every event sponsored by the United Mine Workers of America today. Tom Breiding has provided the music for the UMWA's "Fairness at Patriot" campaign (2013–14), the UMWA centennial commemoration of the Ludlow Massacre in Colorado (2014), the inauguration of UMWA officers (2014), and various other Mine Workers events.

"Miners' Rebellion" (2012) by alt country band The Miners tells the story of the Battle of Blair Mountain. The song is contained on The Miners debut EP also entitled Miners' Rebellion.

When Miners March (2007) contains 16 recently written songs (not music from the 1920s) from the audiobook When Miners March – The Battle of Blair Mountain.

"Battle of Blair Mountain" (2004) is a song by folk singer David Rovics and can be found on his album Songs for Mahmud.

The song "Battle of Blair Mountain" (2010) written by Louise Mosrie and Mike Richardson can be found on Louise Mosrie's album Home (Zoe Cat Music/BMI).

The song "Red Neck War" by Byzantine is based on the Battle of Blair Mountain and can be found on the group's 2005 album ... And They Shall Take Up Serpents (Prosthetic Records). The song "Black Lung" by The Radio Nationals (band) is also based on this conflict.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Blair Pathways (2011) is a multimedia project, including a CD and maps, tracing the history of the Blair Mountain area and its labor disputes. It contains music by a number of traditional artists, including Riley Baugus and Tim Eriksen.

Chicago Irish folk punk band The Fisticuffs released a song titled "The Ballad of Bill Blizzard" on their 2011 final album You'll Not Take Us Alive about the battle of Blair Mountain.

Kentucky country artist Tyler Childers released "Long Violent History" in September 2020, and in his recorded commentary on the song he draws a parallel between the battle of Blair Mountain and the Black Lives Matter movement.

Historic interpretation

The Battle of Blair Mountain is interpreted by the state of West Virginia through a Historic Highway marker. The marker was made by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. The marker reads,

BATTLE OF BLAIR MT. In August of 1921, 7000 striking miners led by Bill Blizzard met at Marmet for a march on Logan to organize the southern coalfields for the UMWA. Reaching Blair Mt. on August 31, they were repelled by deputies and mine guards, under Sheriff Don Chafin, waiting in fortified positions. The five day battle ended with the arrival of U.S. Army and Air Corps. UMWA organizing efforts in southern WV were halted until 1933.

The marker is on West Virginia 17, about 8 miles (13 km) east of Logan, between Ethel and Blair.[50]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Laurie, Clayton D. (1991). "The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921". West Virginia History. West Virginia Archives and History. 50: 1–24. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  2. ^ أ ب Torok 2004, p. 48.
  3. ^ Kinder 2005, p. 149.
  4. ^ Patel 2012.
  5. ^ Ayers, Rothrock and King 2007
  6. ^ "West Virginia State Department of Health–William Eubanks". Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  7. ^ Proclamation 1606, August 30, 1921
  8. ^ Savage 1990, p. 12.
  9. ^ Thomas, Jerry Bruce (2017-01-23). "United Mine Workers of America". Retrieved 2020-09-11.
  10. ^ Savage 1990, p. 14.
  11. ^ Savage 1990, p. 9,14.
  12. ^ Savage 1990, p. 18.
  13. ^ Savage 1990, p. 16.
  14. ^ Savage 1990, pp. 20–22.
  15. ^ أ ب Savage 1990, p. 21.
  16. ^ Savage 1990, p. 26.
  17. ^ Savage 1990, p. 28.
  18. ^ Savage 1990, p. 60.
  19. ^ Savage 1990, p. 50.
  20. ^ Shogan 2004, p. 98.
  21. ^ Shogan 2004, p. 81.
  22. ^ Savage 1990, p. 53.
  23. ^ Savage 1990, p. 57.
  24. ^ أ ب Savage 1990, p. 58.
  25. ^ Shogan 2004, pp. 154–156.
  26. ^ Shogan 2004, pp. 157–158.
  27. ^ Savage 1990, p. 73.
  28. ^ Savage 1990, p. 75.
  29. ^ Shogan 2004, pp. 164–165.
  30. ^ Shogan 2004, p. 166.
  31. ^ The Herald-Dispatch: Funeral Rites Thursday For Colorful Don Chafin. August 10, 1954
  32. ^ أ ب The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising By Robert Shogan
  33. ^ "West Virginia Coal Fields: Hearings Before the Committee on Education and Labor U.S. Senate, 67th. Congress, First Session Pursuant to S. Res. 80". September 5, 1921 – via Google Books.
  34. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  35. ^ "Deputy Sheriff John Gore". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  36. ^ "Private Charles M. Kackley". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  37. ^ "West Virginia Coal Fields: Hearings Before the Committee on Education and Labor U.S. Senate, 67th. Congress, First Session Pursuant to S. Res. 80". September 5, 1921 – via Google Books.
  38. ^ "Schenectady Gazette - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  39. ^ Nast, Condé (November 26, 2020). "The Battle of Blair Mountain Was the Largest Labor Uprising in U.S. History". Teen Vogue.
  40. ^ Chuck Keeney, historian and great-grandson of Blair Mountain leader Frank Keeney: "The Battle of Blair Mountain Is Still Being Waged". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Published 26 February 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  41. ^ Samir S. Patel (January–February 2012). "Mountaintop Rescue". Archeology. Archaeological Institute of America. 65 (1). Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  42. ^ "National Coal Heritage Area/ Coal Heritage Trail". www.coalheritage.org. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  43. ^ "Division News... Blair Mountain information". wvculture.org. West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  44. ^ Pringle, Heather, "Coal Firms to Strip-Mine Historic Battlefield?", National Geographic, June 2, 2010. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
  45. ^ Ward, Ken (Oct 2, 2012). "Judge Rules Against Groups in Blair Mountain List Case". Coal Tattoo. West Virginia Gazette. Retrieved Sep 15, 2013.
  46. ^ Nyden, Paul J. "Federal appeals court says groups can sue over Blair Mountain". wvgazette.com. The Charleston Gazette. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  47. ^ "Decision Memorandum Regarding the 2009 Decision Removing the Blair Mountain Battlefield from the National Register of Historic Places". June 27, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  48. ^ Mishkin, Kate (June 29, 2018). "Blair Mountain Battlefield back on National Register of Historic Places". Charlotte Gazette-Mail. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  49. ^ Imbrogno, Douglas (July 19, 2015). "Novel 'Carla Rising' animated by the Battle of Blair Mountain". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  50. ^ State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division of Culture and History. p. 83.

مراجع عامة


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وصلات خارجية

قالب:Battle of Blair Mountain

قالب:Appalachian people

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