الباثوني

Bathonian
Bathonian
168.2 ± 1.2 – 165.3 ± 1.1 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
	أهم الأحداث في العصر الجوراسي This box: view; talk; edit; -205 — – -200 — – -195 — – -190 — – -185 — – -180 — – -175 — – -170 — – -165 — – -160 — – -155 — – -150 — – -145 — – Cretaceous Triassic Jurassic Hettangian Sinemurian Pliensbachian Toarcian Aalenian Bajocian Bathonian Callovian Oxfordian Kimmeridgian Tithonian J; u; r; a; s; s; i; c Mesozoic; An approximate timescale of key Jurassic events.; Axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite Gonolkites convergen
Lower boundary GSSP	Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France; 43°57′38″N 6°18′55″E / 43.9606°N 6.3153°E
GSSP ratified	July 2008
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Ammonite genus Kepplerites
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany; Russia;

In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age and stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 168.2 ±1.2 Ma to around 165.3 ±1.1 Ma (million years ago). The Bathonian Age succeeds the Bajocian Age and precedes the Callovian Age.^[2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stratigraphic definitions

The Bathonian Stage takes its name from Bath, a spa town in England built on Jurassic limestone (the Latinized form of the town name is Bathonium). The name was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1843. The original type locality was located near Bath. The French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny was in 1852 the first to define the exact length of the stage.

The base of the Bathonian is at the first appearance of ammonite species Parkinsonia (Gonolkites) convergens in the stratigraphic column. The global reference profile for the base of the Bathonian (a GSSP) was ratified as Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran area, Alpes de Haute Provence, France in 2009.^[3] The top of the Bathonian (the base of the Callovian Stage) is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Kepplerites.

In the Tethys domain, the Bathonian contains eight ammonite biozones:

zone of Clydoniceras discus
zone of Hecticoceras retrocostatum
zone of Cadomites bremeri
zone of Morrisiceras morrisi
zone of Tulites subcontractus
zone of Procerites progracilis
zone of Procerites aurigerus
zone of Zigzagiceras zigzag

Rocks of Bathonian age are well developed in Europe: in the northwest and southwest oolite limestones are characteristically associated with coral-bearing, crinoidal and other varieties, and with some beds of clay. In the north and northeast, Russia, etc., clays, sandstones and ferruginous oolites prevail, some of the last being exploited for iron. They occur also in the extreme north of North America and in the Arctic regions, Greenland, Franz Josef Land, etc.; in Africa, Algeria, Tanzania, Madagascar and near the Cape of Good Hope (Enon Beds); in India, Rajputana and Gulf of Kutch, and in South America.^[4]

The well-known Caen stone of Normandy and "Hauptrogenstein" of Swabia, as well as the "Eisenkalk" of northwest Germany, and "Klaus-Schichten" of the Austrian Alps, are of Bathonian age.^[4]

References

Notes

^ Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Maria Helena Henriques; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Daniele Tiraboschi (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.
^ For a detailed geologic timescale, see Gradstein et al. (2004)
^ López, Fernández; Rafael, Sixto; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Paiva Henriques, María Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France". Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.
^ ^أ ^ب One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Howe, John Allen (1911). "Bathonian Series" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 3 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) That article further references A. de Lapparent, Traité de géologie (5th ed., 1906), vol ii.

Literature

Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
d'Omalius d'Halloy, J.B.J.; 1843: Précis élémentaire de géologie, Bertrand, Paris. (in فرنسية)

External links

GeoWhen Database - Bathonian
Jurassic-Cretaceous timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Stratigraphic chart of the Upper Jurassic, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

قالب:Jurassic Footer

[1] Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Maria Helena Henriques; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Daniele Tiraboschi (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.

[2] For a detailed geologic timescale, see Gradstein et al. (2004)

[3] López, Fernández; Rafael, Sixto; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Paiva Henriques, María Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France". Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001.

[EB1911-4] أ ^ب One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Howe, John Allen (1911). "Bathonian Series" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 3 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) That article further references A. de Lapparent, Traité de géologie (5th ed., 1906), vol ii.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]