إنزيم محول للأنجيوتنسين 2

(تم التحويل من Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)

An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين 2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 اختصاراً ACE2)[1] is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.[2][3] ACE2 lowers blood pressure by catalysing the cleavage of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor peptide) into angiotensin (1–7) (a vasodilator).[4][5][6] ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.[1] The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.[7]

ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7)[8] making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.[9][10]

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التركيب

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Identifiers
EC number 3.4.17.23
Databases
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile
PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.[11] ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.[11]

ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.[2] The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.[12][13]


الوظيفة

The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE. ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II. ACE2 in turn cleaves angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1–7.[11] ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptide including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.[11] ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.[14]

Coronavirus entry point

As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63;[1] SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS);[15][16][17] and SARS-CoV-2[18] (the virus that causes COVID-19).[19][20][21] More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.[22][23]

This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection. On the other hand, ACE2 has been shown to have a protective effect against virus-induced lung injury by increasing the production of the vasodilator angiotensin 1–7.[24] Furthermore, according to studies conducted on mice, the interaction of the spike protein of the coronavirus with ACE2 induces a drop in the levels of ACE2 in cells through internalization and degradation of the protein and hence may contribute to lung damage.[24][25]

Both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) that are used to treat high blood pressure have been shown in rodent studies to upregulate ACE2 expression hence may affect the severity of coronavirus infections.[26][27] However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.[28][29][30] A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls." Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure. Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia."[31]

ACE2 البشري المؤتلف

Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics[مطلوب توضيح] and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.[32] The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.[32] Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.[32]

Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.[33]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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  2. ^ أ ب Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H (June 2004). "Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis". The Journal of Pathology. 203 (2): 631–7. doi:10.1002/path.1570. PMID 15141377.
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  5. ^ Wang W, McKinnie SM, Farhan M, Paul M, McDonald T, McLean B, et al. (August 2016). "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Metabolizes and Partially Inactivates Pyr-Apelin-13 and Apelin-17: Physiological Effects in the Cardiovascular System". Hypertension. 68 (2): 365–77. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06892. PMID 27217402.
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  9. ^ Chamsi-Pasha MA, Shao Z, Tang WH (March 2014). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure". Current Heart Failure Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 11 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1007/s11897-013-0178-0. PMC 3944399. PMID 24293035. Studies with recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) have shown beneficial cardiac effects [18, 36]. rhACE2 has anti-fibrotic properties and can attenuate effect on systolic and diastolic dysfunction, presumably via Ang-II inhibition .
  10. ^ Mascolo A, Urbanek K, De Angelis A, Sessa M, Scavone C, Berrino L, et al. (March 2020). "Angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7: which is their role in atrial fibrillation?". Heart Failure Reviews. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 25 (2): 367–380. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09837-7. PMID 31375968. the possibility of using the A1-7 or ACE2 analogues, to enlarge current therapeutic options for AF, may represent an important field of research.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث Turner AJ (2015). "Chapter 25: ACE2 Cell Biology, Regulation, and Physiological Functions". In Unger T, Ulrike M, Steckelings UM, dos Santos RA (eds.). The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS): Functional Aspects and Therapeutic Implications. Academic Press. pp. 185–189. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801364-9.00025-0. ISBN 978-0-12-801364-9.
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  13. ^ Patel VB, Clarke N, Wang Z, Fan D, Parajuli N, Basu R, et al. (January 2014). "Angiotensin II induced proteolytic cleavage of myocardial ACE2 is mediated by TACE/ADAM-17: a positive feedback mechanism in the RAS". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 66: 167–76. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.017. PMID 24332999.
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  15. ^ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York. 1282: 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-0. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466. Many α-coronaviruses utilize aminopeptidase N (APN) as their receptor, SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63 use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as their receptor, MHV enters through CEACAM1, and the recently identified MERS-CoV binds to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) to gain entry into human cells (See Table 1 for a list of known CoV receptors).
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  22. ^ Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C (February 2008). "SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway". Cell Research. 18 (2): 290–301. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.15. PMC 7091891. PMID 18227861.
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  24. ^ أ ب Imai Y, Kuba K, Penninger JM (May 2008). "The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice". Experimental Physiology. 93 (5): 543–8. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040048. PMID 18448662.
  25. ^ Jia H (September 2016). "Pulmonary Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Inflammatory Lung Disease". Shock. Augusta, Ga. 46 (3): 239–48. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000633. PMID 27082314. Once SARS-CoV binds to its receptor, the abundance on the cell surface, mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of ACE2 are significantly reduced. ... These effects are, in part, due to enhanced shedding/internalizing processes. ... The spike protein binds to ACE2 and subsequently down regulated ACE2 protein expression and resulted in worsened acid aspiration pneumonia
  26. ^ Nicholls J, Peiris M (August 2005). "Good ACE, bad ACE do battle in lung injury, SARS". Nature Medicine. 11 (8): 821–2. doi:10.1038/nm0805-821. PMC 7095949. PMID 16079870.
  27. ^ Diaz JH (March 2020). "Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19". Journal of Travel Medicine. doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa041. PMID 32186711.
  28. ^ "Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers". European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 13 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "EMA advises continued use of medicines for hypertension, heart or kidney disease during COVID-19 pandemic". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 27 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "HFSA/ACC/AHA Statement Addresses Concerns Re: Using RAAS Antagonists in COVID-19". American College of Cardiology (ACC). 27 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Caldeira D, Alarcão J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Costa J (July 2012). "Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 345 (jul11 1): e4260. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4260. PMC 3394697. PMID 22786934. Our results suggest an important role of ACE inhibitors, but not ARBs, in reducing the risk of pneumonia. These data may discourage the withdrawal of ACE inhibitors in some patients with tolerable adverse events (namely, cough) who are at particularly high risk of pneumonia. ACE inhibitors also lowered the risk of pneumonia related mortality, mainly in patients with established disease, but the robustness of the evidence was weaker.
  32. ^ أ ب ت Colafella KM, Uijl E, Danser J (2019). "Interference With the Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS): Classical Inhibitors and Novel Approaches". Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 523–530. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65341-2. ISBN 978-0-12-812200-6.
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