گالياتسو ماريا سفوردزا

Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Sforza, by Piero Benci, Uffizi Gallery
Duke of Milan
العهد	20 March 1466 – 26 December 1476
سبقه	Francesco I Sforza
تبعه	Gian Galeazzo Sforza
وُلِد	(1444-01-24)24 يناير 1444 Commune of Fermo (now in Italy)
توفي	26 ديسمبر 1476(1476-12-26) (aged 32) Milan, Duchy of Milan (now in Italy)
الزوج	Dorotea Gonzaga Bona of Savoy
الأنجال	Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan Ermes, Marquis of Tortona Bianca Maria, Holy Roman Empress Anna, Hereditary Princess of Ferrara Illegitimate: Caterina, Countess of Forlì Ottaviano Maria, Bishop of Lodi Chiara, Countess dal Verme
البيت	Sforza
الأب	Francesco I Sforza
الأم	Bianca Maria Visconti

گالياتسو ماريا سفوردزا ( Galeazzo Maria Sforza ؛ 24 يناير 1444 - 26 ديسمبر 1476) was the fifth Duke of Milan from 1466 until 1476. He was notorious for being lustful, cruel, and tyrannical.

He was born to Francesco Sforza, a popular condottiero and ally of Cosimo de' Medici who would gain the Duchy of Milan in 1450, and Bianca Maria Visconti.

He married into the Gonzaga family; on the death of his first wife Dorotea Gonzaga, he married Bona of Savoy. Cruel and vengeful, he was "a man who did great follies and dishonest things not to write".

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 السيرة

جليانسو ماريا اسفوردسا قد وُلِد في أحضان النعمة فإنه لم يتلق دروس الفقر والكفاح، واستسلم للملذات، والترف، والظاهر الكاذبة؛ وكان يجد لذة كبير في إغواء أزواج أصدقائه، ويعاقب معارضيه بقسوة يبدو أنه ورثها وراثة ملتوية، غامضة من دماء آل فسكونتي عن طريق بيانكا الرحيمة. ولم يقاوم أهل ميلان استبداده وظلمه لأنهم قد اعتادوا الحكم المطلق، فلم يكونوا يبالون بما يصيبهم منه؛ ولكن الانتقام الفردي ثأر لما كان مكبوتاً في قلوب الجماهير من شدة الرعب. وتفصيل ذلك أن جيرولامو ألجياتي Girolamo Olgiati أحزنه أن يغوي الدوق أخته ثم ينبذها؛ وحسب جيوفني لمبونياني Giovannl Lampugnani أن هذا السيد نفسه قد انتزع منه بعض ملكه؛ وكان نقولو منتينو Niccolo Monteno قد علمهما كما علم كارلوفسكونتي تاريخ الرومان ومثلهم العليا، وعلمهما كذلك قتل المستبدين من عهد بروتس إلى بروتس. وبعد أن طلب الشبان الثلاثة العون من الأولياء الصالحين كنيسة القديس استيفن، حيث كان جلياتسو يتعبد وانهالوا عليه طعناً حتى فارق الحياة (1476). وقتل لمبونياني وفسكنتي قبل أن يبرحا مكانهما، وعذب الجاني تعذيباً لم يكد يترك فيه عظماً من عظامه دون أن يكسر أو يخلع من وقبه؛ ثم سلخ جلده حياً، ولكنه ظل إلى آخر نفس من حياته يرفض أن يندم على ما فعله، ويدعوا الأبطال الوثنيين والقديسين والمسيحيين ليباركوا عمله، ومات وهو يردد تلك العبارة التي تمثل شعار الرومان الأقدمين وشعار النهضة وهي:

"الموت مر ولكن السمعة الطيبة تبقى إلى أبد الدهر Mors acrba, fama perpetua"،(11).

وترك جلياتسو عرشه إلى ولد له لم يكن يتجاوز السابعة من العمر، يسمى جيان جلياتسو اسفوردسا، وظل حزبا الجولف والجبلين ثلاث سنين يتنافسان للاستحواذ على وصاية العرش ويستخدمان في سبيل ذلك وسائل القوة والخداع، وكان الفوز في آخر الأمر لشخصية من أروع الشخصيات وأكثرها استعصاء على التحليل في عهد النهضة المليء بالشخصيات الرائعة المعقدة، ونعني بها شخصية لدوفيكو اسفوردسا Lodovico Sforza رابع أبناء فرانتشسكو اسفوردسا.

 الاغتيال

Lament of the duke Galeazzo Maria (1476)

There were three principal assassins involved in Sforza's death: Carlo Visconti, Gerolamo Olgiati, and Giovanni Andrea Lampugnani, all fairly high-ranking officials at the Milanese court.

Lampugnani, descended from Milanese nobility, is recognized as the leader of the conspiracy. His motives were based primarily on a land dispute, in which Sforza had failed to intervene in a matter which saw the Lampugnani family lose considerable properties. Visconti and Olgiati also bore the duke enmity—Olgiati was a Republican idealist, whereas Visconti believed Sforza to have taken his sister's virginity.

Lampugnani's Conspiracy by Francesco Hayez, 1826

After carefully studying Sforza's movements, the conspirators made their move on the day after Christmas, 1476, feast day of Saint Stephen, patron saint of Santo Stefano, the church where the deed was to be committed. Supported by about thirty friends, the three men waited in the church for the duke to arrive for mass. When Galeazzo Sforza arrived, Lampugnani knelt before him; after some words were exchanged, Lampugnani rose suddenly and stabbed Sforza in the groin and breast. Olgiati and Visconti soon joined in, as did a servant of Lampugnani's.

Sforza was dead within a matter of seconds. All the assassins quickly escaped in the ensuing mayhem save for Lampugnani, who became entangled in some of the church's cloth and was killed by a guard. His body soon fell into the hands of a mob, which dragged the corpse through the streets, slashing and beating at it; finally, they hung the body upside-down outside Lampugnani's house. The beheaded corpse was cut down the next day and, in an act of symbolism, the "sinning" right hand was removed, burnt, and put on display.

 Aftermath of assassination

Despite the initial public reaction, the government brought swift justice, soon encouraged by the public as well.

The conspirators had given little thought to the repercussions of their crime, and were apprehended within days. Visconti and Olgiati were soon found and executed, as was the servant of Lampugnani who had participated in the slaying. The executions took place in a public ceremony that culminated in the display of their corpses as a warning to others.

Evidence from the conspirators' confessions indicated that the assassins had been encouraged by the humanist Cola Montano, who had left Milan some months before, and who bore malice against the duke for a public whipping some years before. While being tortured, Olgiati also uttered the famous words, "Mors acerba, fama perpetua, stabit vetus memoria facti" (Death is bitter, but glory is eternal, the memory of my deed will endure).

Similar elements indicate that this assassination was likely influential in the Pazzi conspiracy, a subsequent attempt to dethrone the Medici family in Florence and to replace them with Girolamo Riario.

 Children

Galeazzo and his second wife, Bona of Savoy had:

• Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1469–1494), who became duke upon his father's death; he married his cousin Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan and had issue
• Hermes Maria Sforza (1470–1503), Marquis of Tortona
• Bianca Maria Sforza (1472–1510), who married Philibert I, Duke of Savoy and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Anna Sforza (1476–1497), who married Alfonso I d'Este

With his mistress Lucrezia Landriani, he had several illegitimate children:

• Carlo (born 1461), his granddaughter, Violante Bentivoglio (1505–1550), married Giovanni Paolo I Sforza, who was the legitimized son of Ludovico il Moro, duke of Milan, and Lucrezia Crivelli.
• Caterina Sforza, (1462-1509) who married 3 times: Girolamo Riario; Giacomo Feo; and Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano
• 2 more children

By his mistress Lucia Marliani

• Ottaviano Maria Sforza (1475-1548) Bishop of Lodi

Other children by unknown women, including

• Chiara, who married Count Pietro dal Verme in 1480

 Sources

• Abulafia, David (1995). The French Descent into Renaissance Italy, 1494–1495: Antecedents and Effects. Routledge.
• Martines, Lauro (2003). April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-515295-1.
• Belotti Bortolo. Il Dramma di Gerolamo Olgiati; Milano; 1929
• Corio, Bernardino (1565). L'Historia di Milano (in الإيطالية). presso Giorgio de' Caualli. Giorgio de' Cavalli. p. 994.
• King, Ross (2012). Leonardo and the Last Supper. Bloomsbury.

 External links

• Biographical notes to Galazzo Maria Sforza

گالياتسو ماريا سفوردزا House of Sforza وُلِد: 24 January 1444 توفي: 26 December 1476
سبقه Francesco I Sforza	Duke of Milan 1466–1476	تبعه Gian Galeazzo Sforza