پورتوس

For other uses, see پورتوس (توضيح) and پورتو (توضيح).

پورتوس

Portus
The mouth of the Tiber, with the hexagonal harbour of Portus at upper middle (modern day "Lago Traiano").
المنطقة	لاتسيو
الإحداثيات	41.779°N 12.259°E / 41.779; 12.259
النوع	مستوطنة، ميناء
التاريخ
الفترات	الجمهورية الرومانية الإمبراطورية الرومانية
الثقافات	روما القديمة
ملاحظات حول الموقع
تواريخ الحفريات	yes
الأثريون	Guido Calza; Simon Keay
الاتاحة للعامة	Yes

پورتوس Portus كان مرفأ اصطناعي كبير لروما القديمة. ويقع على الضفة الشمالية للمصب الشمالي لنهر تيبر، في البحر الترهيني، وقد أنشأه كلاوديوس ووسعه تراجان ليردف ميناء أوستيا القريب.

آثار المرفأ تقع بالقرب من قرية پورتو الإيطالية الحالية ضمن بلدة فيوميتشينو، إلى الجنوب مباشرة من روما في لاتسيو (لاتيوم القديمة).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 پورتوس القديمة

 مرحلة كلاوديوس

Nero's sestertius, circa 64: ships in Claudius's harbour. On the upper part, the lighthouse. On the lower part, Tiber with a dolphin

Rome's original harbour was Ostia. Claudius constructed the first harbour on the Portus site, 4 km (2+1⁄2 mi) north of Ostia, enclosing an area of 250 hectares (617 acres), with two long curving moles projecting into the sea, and an artificial island, bearing a lighthouse, in the centre of the space between them. The foundation of this lighthouse was provided by filling one of the massive obelisk ships, used to transport an obelisk from Egypt to adorn the spina of the Circus of Caligula. The harbour opened directly to the sea on the northwest and communicated with the Tiber by a channel on the southeast.

The goal was to obtain protection from the prevalent southwest wind, to which the river mouth was exposed. Though Claudius, in the inscription which he erected in AD 46, stated that he had freed the city of Rome from the danger of inundation, his work was only partially successful: in AD 62 Tacitus speaks of a number of grain ships sinking within the harbour during a violent storm. Nero gave the harbour the name of "Portus Augusti".

It was probably Claudius who constructed the new direct road from Rome to Portus, the Via Portuensis, which was 24 km (15 mi) long. The Via Portuensis ran over the hills as far as the modern Ponte Galeria, and then straight across the plain. An older road, the Via Campana, ran along the foot of the hills, following the right bank of the Tiber. It passed the grove of the Arval Brothers at the sixth mile, to the Campus salinarum romanarum, the saltmarsh on the right bank from which it derived its name.

 مرحلة تراجان

Portus: Claudius' first harbour and hexagonal basin extension under Trajan.

In AD 103 Trajan constructed another harbour farther inland—a hexagonal basin enclosing an area of 39 hectares (97 acres). It communicated by canals with the harbour of Claudius, with the Tiber directly, and with the sea, the last now forming the navigable arm of the Tiber, reopened for traffic by Gregory XIII and again by Paul V. The new canal bore the name Fossa trajana, though its origin is undoubtedly due to Claudius. The basin itself is still preserved, and is now a reedy lagoon. It was surrounded by extensive warehouses, remains of which may still be seen: the fineness of the brickwork of which they are built is remarkable.

"Portus was the main port of ancient Rome for more than 500 years and provided a conduit for everything from glass, ceramics, marble and slaves to wild animals caught in Africa and shipped to Rome for spectacles in the Colosseum."

In 2010, "one of the biggest canals ever built by the Romans" was discovered in Portus, in an ancient port increasingly being seen as important as Carthage or Alexandria. It connected Portus with Ostia. It connected to the Fosse Traiana and pointed south. For some 400 years, from the late second century AD into the fifth and sixth centuries, this 100-yard-wide (90 meter) canal was used to ship goods from all over the Empire to Rome.

 آثارها على أوستيا

By means of these works Portus captured the main share of the harbour traffic of Rome. Though the importance of Ostia did not immediately decrease, Portus was already an episcopal see in Constantine's time not very long, if at all, after Ostia, and as the only harbour in the time of the Gothic wars.

Its abandonment dates from the partial silting up of the right arm of the Tiber in the Middle Ages, which restored to Ostia what little traffic was left. To the west of the harbour is the cathedral of Saint Rufina, 10th century, but modernized except for the campanile, and the episcopal palace, fortified in the Middle Ages, and containing a number of ancient inscriptions from the site. On the island (Isola Sacra) just opposite is the church of S. Ippolito, built on the site of a Roman building, with a picturesque medieval campanile (13th century ?), as well as the Isola Sacra Necropolis.

3.2 km (2 mi) to the west is the modern village of فيوميتشينو at the mouth of the right arm of the Tiber, which is 34 km (21 mi) west-southwest by rail from Rome. It is a frazione, or portion of the commune of Rome. 5 km (3 mi) to the north is the pumping station by which the lowland, formerly called Stagno di Maccarese, now reclaimed and traversed by many drainage canals, between there and Maccarese is kept drained (Bonifica di Maccarese).

 البقايا الحالية

The site can still be fairly clearly traced in the low ground to the east of فيوميتشينو. The lighthouse is represented on coins, mosaics, bas-reliefs such as the Torlonia Harbor Relief. The harbour is generally supposed to have been protected by two moles with a breakwater in front, on which stood the lighthouse, with an entrance on each side of it. Trial soundings made in 1907 showed that the course of the right-hand mole is represented by a low sand-hill, while the central breakwater was only some 170 m long, and probably divided from each of the two moles by a channel 135 m wide.

The existence of two entrances is in accordance with the evidence of coins and literary tradition, although the position of that on the left is not certain, and it may have been closed in later times. The whole course of the left-hand mole has not yet been traced, but it seems to have protected not only the south-west but also a considerable portion of the north-west side of the harbour.

Many other remains of buildings exist. They were more easily traceable in the 16th century when Pirro Ligorio and Antonio Labacco made plans of the harbour. Considerable excavations were carried out in 1868, but with the idea of recovering works of art and antiquities. The plan and description given by Rodolfo Lanciani (Annali del institute, 1868, 144 sqq.) were made under unfavourable circumstances.

 البلدة القروسطية والحديثة

The division between the ancient settlement and the medieval Porto began in the 4th century AD, when Emperor Constantine the Great had a line of walls built.

Ostia, just opposite, on the left bank of the Tiber, was increasingly depopulated after Vandal and Saracen attacks. Porto was the main port on the Tyrrhenian Sea until the 6th century AD. Later it decayed, but maintained some importance as the episcopal see which, from 313, was made independent from that in Ostia. Ostia and Porto both were chosen to be amongst the seven suburbicarian dioceses, which are still in existence, and reserved for the members of the highest order of Catholic Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishops, so the prelates of these otherwise insignificant Roman suburbs outrank all archbishops, even the patriarchs.

The remains of Porto are today included administratively في بلدية فيوميتشينو.

As part of Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica the remains of Porto are open every Thursday, the first and the third Sunday of the month from 9:30 to 13:30, and upon request and advance booking at other times.

 انظر أيضاً

• Caligula's Giant Ship
• تاريخ روما
• Isola Sacra
• البحرية الرومانية

 المراجع

• Rendina, Claudio (2000). Enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton. pp. 973–974.
• Westermann. Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in الألمانية).

Attribution

•  Ashby, Thomas (1911). "Portus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 22 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 169. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 للاستزادة

• Keay, S. J. (2006). Portus: An Archaeological Survey of the Port of Imperial Rome. British School at Rome.
• Mannucci, V. (1992). Il parco archeologico naturalistico del Porto di Traiano. Rome. ISBN 978-88-7448-645-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

 وصلات خارجية

• Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina
• Portus Project official website
• 1573 woodcut of Portus
• Quilici, L., S. Quilici Gigli, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 423012 (Portus)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Information and images of Portus (in إيطالية)
• Model of Portus in the Museo della Via Ostiense, Rome
• visitor information (in إيطالية)