نهر يالو

Coordinates: 39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317
(تم التحويل من يالو (نهر))
يالو (آمنوك)
Amrok أو Amnok (압록강; 鴨綠江)
압록강.jpg
Yalurivermap.png
موقع نهر يالو
أصل الاسممانچو، "الحد بين بلدين"
الاسم المحليError {{native name}}: an IETF language tag as parameter {{{1}}} is required (help)
الموقع
البلدانالصين (PRC) و كوريا الشمالية (PRK)
المقاطعاتجيلين (PRC)، لياوننگ (PRC), Ryanggang (PRK), Chagang (PRK), North Pyongan (PRK), Sinuiju SAR (PRK)
السمات الطبيعية
المنبعجنوب Heaven Lake, الحدود الصينية-الكورية الشمالية، Paektu Mountain
 ⁃ الإحداثيات41°58′8″N 128°4′24″E / 41.96889°N 128.07333°E / 41.96889; 128.07333
المصبخليج كوريا
 - الإحداثيات
39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317
الطول790 كم
نهر يالو
Chinese name
الصينية التقليدية
الصينية المبسطة绿
Korean name
تشوسونگول
هان‌چا
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠶᠠᠯᡠ
ᡠᠯᠠ
RomanizationYalu ula

نهر يالو Yalu River، ويسميه الكوريون نهر آمروك أو محيط آمنوك، هو نهر على الحدود بين كوريا الشمالية والصين. مع نهر تومن إلى الشرق منه، وجزء صغير من Paektu Mountain، يشكل يالو الحدود بين كوريا الشمالية والصين. وقد كان واديه مسرح نزاعات عسكرية، على سبيل المثال، في الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى في 1894–1895، والحرب الروسية اليابانية في 1904–1905، والحرب العالمية الثانية، والحرب الكورية في 1950–1953.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الاسم

Two theories are given regarding the origin of the river's name. One theory is that the name derived from Yalu ula (ᠶᠠᠯᡠ
ᡠᠯᠠ
) in the Manchu language. The Manchu word yalu (ᠶᠠᠯᡠ) means "the boundary between two countries". In Mandarin Chinese, yālù phonetically approximates the original Manchu word, but literally means "duck green", which was said to have been once the color of the river. The other theory is that the river was named after the combination of its two upper branches, which were called "" ( or Ap) and "" ( or R(or n)ok)", respectively.

Revised Romanization of Korean spelled it Amnokgang (النطق الكوري: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Amnok River") and Revised Romanization of Hangeul spelled it Aprokgang (النطق الكوري: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Aprok River").


الجغرافيا

From 2500 m above sea level on Paektu Mountain on the China–North Korea border, the river flows south to Hyesan before sweeping 130 km northwest to Linjiang and then returning to a more southerly route for a further 300 km to empty into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinuiju (North Korea). The bordering Chinese provinces are Jilin and Liaoning.

The river is 795 kilometers (494 mi) long and receives water from over 30,000 km2 of land. The Yalu's most significant tributaries are the Changjin (장진강; 長津江), the Hochon (허천강; 虛川江), the Togro (독로강; 禿魯江) rivers from Korea and the Ai (or Aihe) (璦河) and the Hun (浑江) from China. The river is not easily navigable for most of its length.[1] Most of the river freezes during winter and can be crossed on foot.[2]

The depth of the Yalu River varies from some of the more shallow parts on the eastern side in Hyesan (1 meter (3 ft 3 in)) to the deeper parts of the river near the Yellow Sea (2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in)).[3] The estuary is the site of the Amrok River estuary Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International.[4]

About 205 islands are on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group was living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea, but abut the Chinese side of the river.

North Korean village in the Yalu River delta

التاريخ

The river basin is the site where the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo (고구려, 高句麗) rose to power. Many former fortresses are located along the river and the former capital of that kingdom was situated at what is now the medium-sized city of Ji'an, Jilin along the Yalu, a site rich in Goguryeo era relics.[5] Wihwa Island on the river is historically famous as the place where, in 1388, General Yi Songgye (later Taejo of Joseon) decided to turn back his army southward to Kaesong in the first of a series of revolts that eventually led to the establishment of the House of Yi.[6]

The river has been the site of several battles because of its strategic location between Korea and China, including:

The southern side of the river was heavily industrialized during the period of Japanese rule (1910–1945), and by 1945 almost 20% of Japan's total industrial output originated in Korea.

During the Korean War, the movement of United Nations troops approaching the river precipitated massive Chinese intervention from around Dandong. In the course of the conflict every bridge across the river except one was destroyed. The one remaining bridge was the Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge connecting Sinuiju, North Korea to Dandong, China. During the war the valley surrounding the western end of the river also became the focal point of a series of dogfights for air superiority over North Korea, earning the nickname "MiG Alley" in reference to the MiG-15 fighters flown by the combined North Korean, Chinese, and Soviet forces.[بحاجة لمصدر] As UN forces during the Korean War advanced toward the Yalu, China under Chairman Mao Zedong entered the war on the side of North Korea.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The river has frequently been crossed by North Koreans fleeing to China since the early 1990s, although the Tumen River remains the most-used way for such refugees.[7][بحاجة لمصدر]

According to one scholar, the Korean-Chinese border along the Yalu River is the longest unchanged international border in history, lasting for at least 1,000 years.[8][9][10]

الاقتصاد

The river is important for hydroelectric power, and one of the largest hydroelectric dams in Asia is in Sup'ung Dam, 106 m high and over 850 m long, located upstream from Sinuiju, North Korea. The dam has created an artificial lake over a portion of the river, called Supung Lake. In addition, the river is used for transportation, particularly of lumber from its forested banks. The river provides fish for the local population. Downstream of Sup'ung is the Taipingwan Dam. Upstream of Sup'ung is the Unbong Dam. Both dams produce hydroelectric power, as well.

In the river delta upstream from Dandong and adjacent to Hushan are several North Korean villages. Economic conditions in these villages have been described as poor, without access to electricity.[11]

المعابر

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Sediments in Korea Bay and Incheon Bay, North and South Korea". www.eosnap.com. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  2. ^ "A trip to the North Korea-China border, in photos". NK News. 29 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Yalu River | river, Asia". Encyclopedia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  4. ^ "Amrok River estuary". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  5. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  6. ^ Jeong Woo-sang (10 June 2011). "What Is Hwanggumpyong Island?". Digital Chosun. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  7. ^ "What North Korean Defectors Think Of North Korea | STAY CURIOUS #1" – via www.youtube.com.
  8. ^ "Oldest border in the world". koreatimes. Apr 5, 2020.
  9. ^ "외국인 할아버지가 한국인에게 경복궁 투어를?! 첫번째 밋업! ( Dr. Peterson's First Meet-up! Palace Tour)" – via www.youtube.com.
  10. ^ "하버드 한국학자가 말하는 한국은 평화로운 역사를 가진 나라?! 소개편 Peaceful Korea - Introduction" – via www.youtube.com.
  11. ^ "We took a boatride on the Yalu River across the Sino-Korean Border. Here's what we saw". visitthedprk.org. 27 November 2017.

وصلات خارجية