نقوش صخرية حثية
Rock reliefs form a large part of the extant artistic remains of the Anatolian Hittite Empire (ح. 14th century BC). The reliefs that survive are often located near roads, and in mountainous terrain (over 1000 meters elevation) overlooking plains. They are often near sites with sacred significance both before and after the Hittite period, such as sacred springs, "linking the [Hittite] state's official discourse with the divine beings of [those] places" (Harmanşah, 2014).[1]
At Yazılıkaya, just outside the capital of Hattusa, a series of reliefs of Hittite gods in procession decorate open-air "chambers" made by adding barriers among the natural rock formations. The site was apparently a sanctuary, and possibly a burial site, for the commemoration of the ruling dynasty's ancestors.
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المراجع القديمة
Herodotus, in the Histories (written ح. 430 BC), describes the Karabel relief, which he attributes to the legendary Egyptian pharaoh Sesostris:
Also, there are in Ionia two figures of this man [i.e., Sesostris] carved in rock, one on the road from Ephesus to Phocaea, and the other on that from Sardis to Smyrna. In both places, the figure is over twenty feet high, with a spear in his right hand and a bow in his left, and the rest of his equipment proportional; for it is both Egyptian and Ethiopian; and right across the breast from one shoulder to the other a text is cut in the Egyptian sacred characters, saying: “I myself won this land with the strength of my shoulders.” There is nothing here to show who he is and whence he comes, but it is shown elsewhere. Some of those who have seen these figures guess they are Memnon, but they are far indeed from the truth.[2]
قائمة النقوش
معرض صور
نقش مانيسا (القرن 14 ق.م.)، تصوير ح. 1900
نقش مانيسا، تصوير 2010
نقش قرة بل (القرن 13 ق.م.)، كما رسمه Charles Texier، ح. 1840
نقش قرة بل، تصوير 1991
Hanyeri relief (القرن 13 ق.م.)، تصوير 1995
İmamkullu relief (القرن 13 ق.م.)، تصوير 2012
Fıraktın relief (القرن 13 ق.م.)، تصوير 2013
نقش حميدة (القرن 13؟ ق.م.)، تصوير 2011
Gökbez relief (8th–7th century BC), photographed 2013
نرگال، مصوراً في Yazılıkaya، تصوير 2002
الاثناعشر إلهاً للعالم السفلي، مصوّرين في Yazılıkaya
المراجع
- ^ Ömür Harmanşah (2014). "Event, Place, Performance: Rock Reliefs and Spring Monuments in Anatolia". In Ömür Harmanşah (ed.). Of Rocks and Water: Towards an Archaeology of Place. Oxford: Joukowsky Institute/Oxbow Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-78297-671-4.
- ^ Herodotus (1920). Histories. Vol. 2.106. Translated by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University.