نقفور الأول من القسطنطينية

نقفور من القسطنطينية
نقفور من القسطنطينية
	Nikephoros I of Constantinople trampling on John VII of Constantinople. Miniature from Chludov Psalter.
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
وُلِد	c. 758; القسطنطينية; (حالياً: اسطنبول، تركيا)
توفي	5 أبريل 828; Constantinople; (حالياً: اسطنبول، تركيا)
مكرّم في	الكنيسة الكاثوليكية الرومانية؛ الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الشرقية
عيده	13 مارس، 2 يونيو

نقفور الأول (باليونانية: Νικηφόρος؛ Nikephoros I أو Nicephorus I ؛ ح. 758 – 5 أبريل 828) was a Byzantine writer and patriarch of Constantinople from 12 April 806 to 13 March 815.^[1]^[2]

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حياته

He was born in Constantinople as the son of Theodore and Eudokia, of a strictly Orthodox family, which had suffered from the earlier Iconoclasm. His father Theodore, one of the secretaries of Emperor Constantine V, had been scourged and banished to Nicaea for his zealous support of Iconodules, and the son inherited the religious convictions of the father. Nevertheless, he entered the service of the Empire, became cabinet secretary (asekretis), and under Irene took part in the synod of 787 as imperial commissioner. He then withdrew to one of the cloisters that he had founded on the eastern shore of the Bosporus, until he was appointed director of the largest home for the destitute in Constantinople c. 802.

After the death of the Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople, although still a layman, he was chosen patriarch by the wish of the emperor (Easter, 12 April 806). The uncanonical choice met with opposition from the strictly clerical party of the Stoudites, and this opposition intensified into an open break when Nikephoros, in other respects a very rigid moralist, showed himself compliant to the will of the emperor by reinstating the excommunicated priest Joseph.

After vain theological disputes, in December 814, there followed personal insults. Nikephoros at first replied to his removal from his office by excommunication, but was at last obliged to yield to force, and was taken to one of the cloisters he had founded, Tou Agathou, and later to that called Tou Hagiou Theodorou. From there he carried on a literary polemic for the cause of the iconodules against the synod of 815. On the occasion of the change of emperors, in 820, he was put forward as a candidate for the patriarchate and at least obtained the promise of toleration.

He died at the monastery of Saint Theodore (Hagiou Theodorou), revered as a confessor.^[3] His remains were solemnly brought back to Constantinople by Methodios I of Constantinople on 13 March 847 and interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles, where they were annually the object of imperial devotion. His feast is celebrated on this day both in the Greek and Roman Churches; the Greeks also observe 2 June as the day of his death.

أعماله

Compared with Theodore of Stoudios, Nikephoros appears as a friend of conciliation, learned in patristics, more inclined to take the defensive than the offensive, and possessed of a comparatively chaste, simple style. He was mild in his ecclesiastical and monastical rules and non-partisan in his historical treatment of the period from 602 to 769 (Historia syntomos, breviarium). He used the chronicle of Trajan the Patrician but deliberately chose not to name the source so as to connect himself to the historical tradition of Theophylact Simocatta.^[4]^[5] The Short History is thematically focused around the matter of the offices of emperor and patriarch.^[6] Nikephoros attempted to salvage the reputation of the patriarchate by criticizing iconoclast patriarchs for submitting to the emperor, not for being iconoclasts.^[7] Herakleios was the ideal emperor in Nikephoros’ scheme because of how he worked alongside patriarch Sergios, but also how Sergios helped to defend Constantinople from the Avars in 626 as well as the patriarch’s ability to discipline the emperor for his marriage to his niece Martina. Herakleios failure to heed the Egyptian patriarch’s advice is what ultimately brought about the Arab conquest of Egypt.^[8]

His tables of universal history, Chronography or Chronographikon Syntomon, in passages extended and continued, were in great favor with the Byzantines, and were also circulated outside the Empire in the Latin version of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, and also in Slavonic translation. The Chronography offered a universal history from the time of Adam and Eve to his own time. To it he appended a canon catalog (which does not include the Revelation of John). The catalog of the accepted books of the Old and New Testaments is followed by the antilegomena (including Revelation) and the apocrypha. Next to each book is the count of its lines, his stichometry, to which we can compare our accepted texts and judge how much has been added or omitted. This is especially useful for apocrypha for which only fragmentary texts have survived.

The principal works of Nikephorus are three writings referring to iconoclasm:

Apologeticus minor, probably composed before 814, an explanatory work for laymen concerning the tradition and the first phase of the iconoclastic movement;
Apologeticus major with the three Antirrhetici against Mamonas-Constantine Kopronymos, a complete dogmatics of the belief in images, with an exhaustive discussion and refutation of all objections made in opposing writings, as well as those drawn from the works of the Fathers;
The third of these larger works is a refutation of the iconoclastic synod of 815 (ed. Serruys, Paris, 1904).

Nikephoros follows in the path of John of Damascus. His merit is the thoroughness with which he traced the literary and traditional proofs, and his detailed refutations are serviceable for the knowledge they afford of important texts adduced by his opponents and in part drawn from the older church literature.

المراجع

^ St. Nicephorus. „Patriarch of Constantinople, 806-815, b. about 758; d. 2 June, 829.”
^ Paul J. Alexander, The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople. Oxford University Press, 1958.
^ "Martyrs and Confessors", Orthodox Church in America
^ Treadgold, Warren (2011). "Trajan the Patrician, Nicephorus, and Theophanes". In Bumazhnov, Dmitrij.; Grypeou, Emmanouela; Sailors, Timothy B.; Toepel, Alexander (eds.). Bibel, Byzanz, und christlicher Orient: Festschrift für Stephen Gerö zum 65. Geburtstag. Louven: Peeters. pp. 589–621.
^ Marjanović, Dragoljub (2018). Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium: The Short History of Nikephoros of Constantinople. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 65–70.
^ Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 122–26
^ Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 208–14
^ Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 122–47

وصلات خارجية

ألقاب دينية
سبقه Tarasios of Constantinople	بطريرك القسطنطينية 806–815	تبعه Theodotus I of Constantinople

[1] St. Nicephorus. „Patriarch of Constantinople, 806-815, b. about 758; d. 2 June, 829.”

[2] Paul J. Alexander, The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople. Oxford University Press, 1958.

[3] "Martyrs and Confessors", Orthodox Church in America

[4] Treadgold, Warren (2011). "Trajan the Patrician, Nicephorus, and Theophanes". In Bumazhnov, Dmitrij.; Grypeou, Emmanouela; Sailors, Timothy B.; Toepel, Alexander (eds.). Bibel, Byzanz, und christlicher Orient: Festschrift für Stephen Gerö zum 65. Geburtstag. Louven: Peeters. pp. 589–621.

[5] Marjanović, Dragoljub (2018). Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium: The Short History of Nikephoros of Constantinople. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 65–70.

[6] Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 122–26

[7] Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 208–14

[8] Marjanović, Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium, 122–47

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v t e أساقفة بيزنطة وبطاركة القسطنطينية
أساقفة بيزنطة (حتى 330 م)	القديس أندرو Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius فليكس Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I تيتوس دموتيوس روفينوس Probus متروفانس ألكسندر
بطاركة القسطنطينية (330–451 م)	ألكسندر Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I القديس گريگوريوس Nectarius يوحنا فم الذهب Arsacius Atticus سيسينيوس الأول نسطور مكسيميانوس Proclus Flavian Anatolius
بطاركة القسطنطينية الفترة البيزنطية (451–1453 م)	أناتوليوس Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatius Photius I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
بطاركة القسطنطينية الفترة الثمانية (1453–1923 م)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III كلمنت Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV جيمس Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III جرمياس الثالث (كالينيكوس الثالث) پايسيوس الثاني صرافيم الأول نيوفيتوس السادس كيريل الخامس كالينيكوس الرابع (الثالث) صرافيم الثاني Joannicius III صمويل ملتيوس الثاني ثيودوسيوس الثاني سوفرونيوس الثاني گبريل الرابع پروكوپيوس نيوفيتوس السادس گراسيموس الثالث Gregory V كالينيكوس الخامس (الرابع) جرمياس الرابع كيريل الرابع Eugenius II أنثيموس الثالث كريساثوس أگاثانگلوس قسطنطينوس الأول قسطنطينوس الثاني گريگوري الرابع أنثيموس الرابع أنثيموس الخامس جرمانوس الرابع ملتيوس الثالث أنثيموس السادس كيريل السادس Joachim II سوفرونيوس الثالث Joachim III Joachim IV ديويسيوس الخامس نيوفيتوس السابع أنثيموس السادس قسنطنطين الخامس گرمانوس الخامس ملتيوس الرابع
بطاركة القسطنطينية الفترة المعاصرة (منذ 1923م)	گريگوري السادس قسطنطين السادس باسيل الثالث فوتيوس الثاني بنيامين مكسيموس الخامس أثناگوراس دمتريوس برثلماوس الأول
^† في المنفى بنيقية

v t e مؤرخون بيزنطيون
القرن 5	Malchus پريسكوس
القرن 6	أگاثياس Evagrius Scholasticus Hesychius of Miletus John of Ephesus John of Epiphania Jordanes John Malalas Marcellinus Comes Menander Protector Peter the Patrician پروكوپيوس Theophanes of Byzantium Zacharias Rhetor Zosimus
القرن 7	Trajan the Patrician Theophylact Simocatta John of Antioch
القرن 8	Hippolytus of Thebes
القرن 9	ثيوفانس المعترف George Syncellus نقفور الأول من القسطنطينية George Hamartolos
القرن 10	Joseph Genesius John Kaminiates Leo the Deacon قسطنطين السابع Theophanes Continuatus
القرن 11	Michael Attaleiates George Kedrenos ميخائيل پسلوس John Skylitzes John Xiphilinus يحيى بن سعيد الأنطاكي
القرن 12	Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger Niketas Choniates Eustathius of Thessalonica آنا كومننا John Kinnamos Constantine Manasses John Zonaras
القرن 13	George Akropolites
القرن 14	Nicephorus Gregoras Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos George Pachymeres Michael Panaretos
القرن 15	Michael Critobulus John Anagnostes Laonikos Chalkokondyles Doukas George Sphrantzes