موسوعة ريس

Rees's Cyclopædia
New Cyclopaedia Rees 1819 title.jpg
Title page of first edition, 1819
المحررAbraham Rees
البلدGreat Britain
الصنفEncyclopaedia
الناشرLongman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown
تاريخ النشر
1802–1819 (1802–1819)

موسوعة ريس الموسوعة؛ أو القاموس العالمي للفنون والعلوم والآداب، من أهم الموسوعات بريطانية في القرن التاسع عشر، قام بتحريرها القس إبراهام ريس (1743-1825) ، الوزير والعالم الپريسبيتاري الذي حرر طبعات سابقة من موسوعة تشامبرز.


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الخلفية

Abraham Rees (1743–1825), compiler of Rees's Cyclopædia.

في الفترة التي كان يقوم ريس بتحضير موسوعته، كانت أوروبا تعاني من تداعيات الثورة الفرنسية، وجاء نشر الموسوعة بشكل متسلسل، خلال فترة إندلاع الحروب النابلونية وحرب 1812. ضمت بربطانيا إلى امبراطوريتها عدد من المستعمرات الفرنسية والهولندية السابقة؛ في فترة ازدهار الأنگليكانية على يد ويليام ويلبرفورس وازدهار العمل الصناعي.

بوجود تلك الأحداث، كانت الراديكالية الفلسفية محل شك في بريطانيا، وكان يعتقد أن جوانب "الموسوعة" تخريبية بشكل واضح، بالإضافة إلى ،كما أنها جذبت عداء الصحافة المحافظة.[1] وجذب مساهمون مثل جرميا جويس وتشارلز سيلڤستر انتباه الحكومة وتم محاكمتهم بسبب أرائهم. وعانى المحررين والكتاب للتأكيد على إنگلزيتهم ولزيادة جهود أنجلزة الكلمات الفرنسية: كتب اسم الملك لويس بهذه الطريقة "لويس " "lewis" بدلًا من لوي "louis".

وردت جميع النظريات العلمية المتعلقة بالنظام الذري و التعاقب الجيولوجي و تاريخ الأرض و التاريخ الطبيعي (علم النبات وعلم الحشرات وعلم الطيور وعلم الحيوان)؛ والتطورات التكنولوجية، وخاصة في مجال صناعة القماش، في الموسوعة.[2] كما ظهرت مواضيع أخرى مثل الاستكشاف والسفر إلى الخارج، والتي تعكس صورة العالم في ذلك الوقت، ومواضيع تتعلق بالزراعة والحية الريفية في الموسوعة بشكل مبهر.


القالب

صدرت الموسوعة في صورة حلقات في الفترة من يناير 1802 وحتى أغسطس 1820، وصدرت منها 39 مجلد نصي و6 مجلدت خاصة باللوحات تضمت كتاب أطلس. ضمت الموسوعة 39 مليون كلمة، وحوالٍ 500 مقال بحثي متخصص، وكانت الحلقات تصدر أسبوعيًا، وكان يتم إصدار أنصاف مجلدات عدة مرات في السنة، ويمكن الاطلاع على تواريخ هذه الإصدارات في الجدول 4,1 في الأسفل. ولم يبقى سوى مجموعة واحدة من أنصاف المجلدات (تضمنت أيضًا بعض أغلفة الحلقات)، في مكتبة متحف التاريخ الطبيعي في لندن.

اللوحات

A plate from the atlas.

نشرت اللوحات على 6 مجلدات: أربعة منهم تضمنوا مواضيع عامة بينما اختص أحدهم بالتاريخ الطبيعي، وكان السادس عبارة عن أطلس. كانت تلك المجلدات تصدر في شكل رسوم حتى لا يتم إصدارها مرفقة بالنصوص مع أنصاف المجلدات.[3] تحتوي الموسوعة على 1107 لوحة وأطلس يضم 61 خريطة مطوية في حجم 16" في 10"، تم إضافة قائمة بجميع اللوحات وفهرس في الجزء الخلفي من المجلد 39.

طبعات لاحقة

قام صامويل إف. برادفورد بنشر الطبعة الأمريكية، وكان برادفورد ينحدر من عائلة مشهورة من الرسامين. وصدرت الطبعة الأولى في مايو 1806 أما الأخيرة فصدرت في ديسمبر 1820، وصدرت الموسوعة على 41 طبعة نصية و6 لوحات. (انظر إلى القسم رقم5 في الأسفل).

وأدى تطور الصناعة الأثرية إلى إعادة طبعها في سبعينات القرن العشرين على يد دار النشر البريطانسة داڤيد أند تشارلز والتي أصدرت طبعات تغطي مواضيع مثل الثورة الصناعية، والهندسة المعمارية البحرية، علم البنكامات.

في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، أصدرت دار النشر السويسرية أي دي سي نسخة ميكروفيلم.[4]

الخلفية، والاستقبال، والمعرفة

شهد العقود الأولى من القرن العشرين، صدور العديد من الموسوعات في بريطانيا، مثل:

هذه المصادر عادة ما تتغذى على بعضها البعض، وكثيرًا ما كان يساهم الكتاب في أكثر من عمل.

لم تلقى الموسوعة الكثير من النجاح عند النشر، ونشر "مجلة المعاديين لليعقوبيين" مراجعات عدائية عن الجزء الأول من المجلد الأول عام 1802، والمجلدات من2-4 من عام 1804-5. وانتقدت المراجعات الموسوعة باعتبارها أنها من المفترض أن تكون جوانب معارضة للدين ووجهات النظر المتطرفة المنسوبة إلى محررها والمساهمين فيها، وأشارت إلى عدم وجود توازن بين الموضوعات، وإلى وجود خلط في الترتيب الأبجدي، والإشارات المرجعية إلى مجلداتلم يتم نشرها بعد. أما عن مجلة النقد البريطاني فقد انتقدت افتقاد التزاون بين الموااضبع والخلط في الكجلد الأول ولكن بأسلوب أقل حدة. نشرت مجلة المناظر سلسلة من المراجعات لنسختي ريس قام بكتابتهم جدديا مورس بين عامي 1807-1810.

وكتبت دورية الاستعراض الفصلي معلقة[5] "تُعتبر ريس الموسوعة الأكثر شمولية باللغة الإنگليزية لاحتوائها على مقالات رائعة، ولكن تم الحكم عليها بشكل عام على أنها واسعة ومألوفة للغاية."

The exhaustive article on encyclopaediae in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1910)[6] mentions Rees's involvement with the editing of the original Chambers, but ignores completely the later work. The 15th edition of Britannica mentions Rees's Cyclopædia superficially.

Rees's Cyclopædia seems to be in limbo in modern published studies of reference books. Superseded by more modern works and ignored by larger scholarship, the Cyclopædia received modern scholarly attention from students of the history of science and the history of technology, after research into the life and times of Charles Burney and his writings on music. In 1948 Percy Scholes published his biography The Great Dr Burney, 2 vol., and devoted a chapter to Burney's work for Rees. Scholes had his own copy of the work and used it profitably to discuss in some detail the faults of the work, in particular, the way the serial production caused major problems when editors were faced with new knowledge that appeared after the volume containing the appropriate section had been issued. They addressed this partially with an appendix in the last volume, and also by inventing contorted new subject titles in the main work ("Cotton Manufacture", Vol. 10, 1808, and "Manufacture of Cotton", Vol. 21, 1812). Later writers about Burney have investigated further his involvement with Rees. (See list of sources, below).

The Cyclopædia lacks a classified index volume, and alphabetising is on occasion eccentric ("York, New").

The Rees Project

The Rees Project was instigated by June Zimmerman Fullmer (1920–2000), a professor at Ohio State University, an authority on Humphry Davy and the chemistry of the early 19th century. Her work drew her to Rees and she indexed it. After tapping the invisible college[7][8] of scholars who knew of Rees, she convened a summer 1986 meeting in London, following which she wrote a proposal[9] to the American Foundation for the Humanities for funding to the project, setting out the object of producing a printed concordance to the contents of the Cyclopædia. This was intended to make Rees much more widely accessible to the modern reader. Funding was not forthcoming, and the matter lapsed.

Printing

Rees's Cyclopædia was printed by Andrew Strahan, the King's Printer. It was entirely hand-set (there being no mechanical means of composition at this date) and printed. At the commencement of the work Strahan had nine wooden presses and over 20,000 kg of type. By 1809 this had risen to fifteen wooden presses and 36,000 kg (79,000 lb) of type.[10] Since the Cyclopædia was produced serially, with a few sheets being printed each week, only a small part of Strahan's men and equipment would have ever been used on it at any one time. The work was printed on demy paper and folded to quarto format, with an uncropped size of 11+1⁄4 by 8+3⁄4 inches (290 by 220 mm). A limited number were advertised in the prospectus as being produced on royal paper, which when folded gave a format of 12+1⁄4 by 10 inches (310 by 250 mm). The paper is wove, with no chain lines. One watermark in the paper has been noted,[11] with the legend W BALSTON, 1811. The supplier has not been identified, but it may be significant that a J. Dickinson was a member of the publishing syndicate.

The text matter was set in two columns measuring 221 mm × 80 mm (8.7 in × 3.1 in), with 67 lines per column. Ten lines of text measures 33 mm (1.3 in) deep. According to McKerrow's formula[12] this size of typeface was Long Primer. The typefounder is unknown, but the article on "Printing" in Volume 28 had, bound with the text, specimens of type cast by Fry and Steele of London and Alexander Wilson of Glasgow. Greek and Hebrew faces were sometimes used and occasionally special chemical, pharmaceutical, and other symbols appear.

The work followed the common practice of the time of conflating the entries for I and J and U and V into single lists.

At first a half-volume cost 18 shillings, and a large paper version with proof copies of the plates cost £1 16 shillings (according to the prospectuses). By 1820 the parts sold for £1 and £1 16 respectively. It is not clear if these prices were for the parts in wrappers. At the end of the project the work sold for £85 in the quarto edition and was reputed to have cost Longmans nearly £300,000. Most sets of Rees today are bound in calf, with two parts to the volume, but the quality of the leather used has meant that in many cases the hinges have rotted and the covers loosened, necessitating rebinding.

The publication of Rees followed the common system of a number of booksellers banding together to share the cost and eventual profit: the conger (syndicate). The syndicate comprised Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, Paternoster Row; F. C. and J. Rivington, publisher to the SPCK (publishers of the British Critic); A. Strahan, King's Printer; and 24 smaller concerns. The full list is on the work's title page.

No records of the publication survive, since the papers of Longmans were destroyed when their premises in Paternoster Row, London, were burnt out in the Blitz on the night of 29–30 December 1940.[13]

Publication dates

VOLUME PART DATE OF PUBLICATION LAST ARTICLE
1 1 1 January 1802 AGOGE
2 14 May 1802 AMARANTHOIDES
2 3 18 October 1802 first part of ANTIMONY
4 7 April 1803 ARTERIOTOMY
3 5 22 September 1803 first part of BABEL-MANDEB
6 17 March 1804 BATTERSEA
4 7 17 August 1804 BIÖRNSTAHL
8 13 April 1805 BOOK-BINDING
5 9 1 June 1805 Pt. BRUNIA
10 26 December 1805 CALVART
6 11 18 February 1806 first part of CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
12 17 June 1806 CASTRA
7 13 1 October 1806 first part of CHALK
14 9 February 1807 CHRONOLOGY
8 15 18 May 1807 first part of CLAVARIA
16 10 August 1807 COLLISEUM
9 17 27 November 1807 first part of CONGREGATION
18 8 March 1808 CORNE
10 19 2 May 1808 first part of CROISADE
20 2 July 1808 CZYRCASSY
11 21 23 September 1808 first part of DELUGE
22 3 December 1808 DISSIMILITUDE
12 23 14 February 1809 first part of DYNAMICS
24 22 May 1809 ELOANX
13 25 18 August 1809 first part of EQUATION
26 25 November 1809 EXTREMUM
14 27 3 February 1810 FIBRO-CARTILAGE
28 13 April 1810 FOOD
15 29 27 June 1810 first part of FROBERGER
30 8 October 1810 GENERATION
16 31 29 November 1810 GNEISS
32 25 January 1811 GRETNA GREEN
17 33 8 March 1811 HATFIELD REGIS
34 22 April 1811 HIBE
18 35 23 June 1811 HUYSUM
36 20 August 1811 INCREMENT
19 37 14 September 1811 first part of JOSEPHUS
38 16 December 1811 KILMES
20 39 27 January 1812 first part of LAUREMBERG
40 19 March 1812 LIGHT-HORSE
21 41 12 May 1812 first part of LONGITUDE
42 27 July 1812 first part of MACHINERY + A. of PLATES
22 43 27 August 1812 first part of MANGANESE
44 4 November 1812 MATTHESON
23 45 11 December 1812 METALS
46 9 February 1813 MONSOON
24 47 30 March 1813 first part of MUSCLE
48 26 April 1813 NEWTON
25 49 15 July 1813 first part of OLEINÆ
50 15 September 1813 OZUNICZE + B. of PLATES
26 51 27 November 1813 first part of PASSIFLORA
52 18 January 1814 PERTURBATION
27 53 22 March 1814 first part of PICUS
54 7 May 1814 POETICS
28 55 14 July 1814 first part of PREACHING
56 16 September 1814 PUNJGOOR
29 57 14 December 1814 first part of RAMISTS + C. of PLATES
58 26 January 1815 REPTON
30 59 21 March 1815 first part of ROCK
60 1 June 1815 RZEMIEN
31 61 11 July 1815 first part of SARABANDA
62 21 September 1815 SCOTIUM + D. of PLATES
32 63 22 December 1815 first part of SHAMMY
64 28 February 1816 SINDY
33 65 17 May 1816 first part of SOUND
66 27 July 1816 STARBOARD
34 67 26 October 1816 first part of STUART (JAMES)
68 11 December 1816 SZYDLOW
35 69 19 March 1817 first part of TESTUDO
70 1 May 1817 TOLERATION
36 71 13 August 1817 first part of TUMOURS
72 24 October 1817 VERMELHO
37 73 20 December 1817 first part of UNION
74 23 March 1818 WATERLOO
38 75 29 May 1818 first part of WHITBY
76 30 July 1818 WZETIN
39 77 30 December 1818 ZYTOMIERS; & first part of BALDWIN of Addendum + E. of PLATES
78 27 October 1819 ZOLLIKIFER of Addendum + F. of PLATES
79 29 July 1820 PLATES, THEIR REFERENCES AND TITLES


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Content

Coincident with the appearance of volume 39, all 39 volumes, A through Z, were published as a set in 1819. The primary publishers of this set were the consortium of Longman, Hurst, Rees (who by then apparently held an equity share), Orme, and Brown, of Paternoster Row.

However, correct dating by half-volume or fascicle (1802–1820) can have serious implications for the accuracy of citations by modern writers, especially when discussing scientific priority: a list compiled in 1820 in Philosophical Magazine was designed to give proper priority to scientific discoveries. Volumes of plates were issued in blocks, and not with the texts to which they refer.

Botanical historian Benjamin Daydon Jackson, unaware of this list, attempted to compile a list based on contemporaneous advertisements in the trade press, on dates appearing on the plates (having assumed that the plates were issued at the same time as the accompanying texts), and some guesswork. He published his first list privately in 1877, he issued a corrected version in 1880, and a final version appeared in the Journal of Botany in 1896. Only 3 of Jackson's dates accord with the 1820 dates listed above.[3]

Citation style

Hundreds of articles in Rees are very long, and the work is unpaginated, so page reference is not easy.[3] The following convention was adopted by the Rees Project, and is based on the method described by R. B. McKerrow.[14] Each gathering has 8 pages, and each page 2 columns. The reference is cited by volume or half-volume details with accurate date between 1802 and 1820, article title, and then the gathering's identifier, the page, and the column, separated by colons. The page containing the gathering identifier (e.g., "B") is page 1 in each gathering (e.g., page "B:1"). Page 3 in each gathering typically contains the gathering identifier plus the figure 2 and should be ignored (e.g., "B2" appears on page "B:3").

The account of the bell-crank steam engine may be referenced as "Farey, Jr., John (December 1816). "Steam Engine". In Rees, Abraham (ed.). Rees's Cyclopædia. Vol. 34. London: Andrew Strahan. O:5:2." ("O" is the 8-page gathering's identifier.)

The gatherings in a typical volume of Rees are identified as follows. In each sequence the letters J and W are omitted and one letter U or V used but not both together.

  • 22 running from "B" to "Z"
  • 23 running from "Aa" to "Zz"
  • 23 running from "3A" to "3Z"
  • 23 running from "4A" to "4Z"
  • 23 running from "5A" to "5Z" or as far as needed

The David and Charles reprint of some of the manufacturing articles is paged, and many writers cite this pagination, which is useless for consulting the original article from a full set. These reprints are also not comprehensive, as they omit short pieces under about 350 words.

References in Rees's Cyclopaedia articles

The long encyclopaedic articles in Rees commonly have a note at the end of the articles to the sources used in writing them. In other articles source references are run into the text. These are normally in a short-title form that will need decoding. Frequently these are in the format of surname of the author and a one or two word abbreviation of the book title. Collected works are similarly treated.

Thus, a small example covering biography:

Other sources cited include the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and similar scientific publications, commentaries relating to biblical scholarship and accounts of travels.

Notable articles

المقالة الرئيسية: List of Rees's Cyclopædia articles

Approximately 500 articles exceed 15 columns (11,000 words). The longest article is "Canal", by John Farey, Sr., 289 columns (210,000 words). John Landseer wrote 4 articles on schools of European engraving totalling over 600 columns (460,000 words).

Biographical articles

المقالة الرئيسية: List of long biographical articles on Rees's Cyclopaedia

Rees's Cyclopaedia has 3789 biographical articles half a page (350 words) and longer, as well as numerous briefer ones. They range in time from Antiquity to the eighteenth century. Benjamin Heath Malkin, and Thomas Rees are noted as having written biographical articles, but there is no information about which. The rest of the authors cannot be positively identified except for William Tooke, who wrote about Catherine the Great. Many of the biographical articles are sourced to the biographical reference books noted in 3.3 above. In most cases Christian names are Anglicised – John for Johannes, for example.

The music articles

المقالة الرئيسية: The music articles in Rees's Cyclopaedia

These were written by Charles Burney (1726–1814), with additional material by John Farey, sr (1766–1826), and John Farey, Jr (1791–1851), and illustrated by 53 plates as well a numerous examples of music typset within the articles. Charles Burney was well-known as the author of A General History of Music, 4 vol 1776–1789 and two travel diaries recording his Musical Tours collecting information in France and Italy, and later Germany, 1+2 vol, 1771 and 1773, as well as the Commoration of Handel, 1785 and his Musical Memoirs of Metastasio, 1796. John Farey, sr was a polymath, well known today for his work as a geologist and for his investigations of mathematics. He was greatly interested in the mathematics of sound, and the schemes of temperamant used in tuning musical instruments then, and published much about it in contemporary periodicals. His son, John Farey, jr, was also polymathic in his interests. He contributed numerous drawings for the illustrations of mostly technological and scientific topics in Rees, and would have written the descriptions of them. They are always linked by key-letters to the details of the drawings. The procedure would have been for Farey to make the drawing first, after usually inspecting and measuring the object, then write the description of it, with the key letters, which were then engraved on the plate for final printing. The plates for dramatic machinery, the organ and barrel organ are by him.

Contributors

المقالة الرئيسية: List of contributors to Rees's Cyclopædia

The Cyclopædia was written by about 100 contributors, most of whom were Nonconformists. They were specialists in their fields, covering science, technology, medicine, manufacturing, agriculture, banking and transportation, as well as the arts and humanities. A number were members of the teaching staffs of the Royal Military Academy, and the Addiscombe Military Seminary of the East India Company. Other contributors were working journalists who wrote for scientific, medical and technical periodicals. Several of the contributors were active in radical politics; one was gaoled for sedition and another indicted for treason.

Amongst the eminent writers engaged by Rees were Dr Lant Carpenter (1780–1870) on education, mental and moral philosophy; Tiberius Cavallo (1799–1809) on electricity and magnetism; John Flaxman (1755–1826) on sculpture; Luke Howard (1772–1867) on meteorology; John Landseer (1769–1852) on engraving; Sir William Lawrence, (1783–1867) on human and comparative anatomy; Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828) on botany; David Mushet on metallurgy and chemistry; Rev. William Pearson (1767–1847) on astronomy; Sir Thomas Phillips (1770–1875) on painting.

Among the artists and engravers employed were Aaron Arrowsmith (1750–1823) who engraved the maps; William Blake (1757–1827) who made engravings to illustrate some of the sculpture articles; Thomas Milton (1743–1827) who engraved most of the natural history plates; Wilson Lowry (1762–1824) who engraved numerous of the plates especially those relating to architecture, machinery and scientific instruments.

Except for some of the botanical articles by Sir James Edward Smith, none of the articles are signed. Names were recorded in the Prospectus of 1802, the introduction at the start of the first volume, the paper covers of the unbound parts which have survived, and in a paper in the Philosophical Magazine, published in 1820. The alphabetical List of contributors to Rees's Cyclopædia has been compiled from the foregoing sources. The majority appear in the Dictionary of National Biography, and in sources listed in the British Biographical Index, but these accounts rarely record an involvement with the Cyclopædia.

American edition

Samuel Fisher Bradford. Publisher of the American edition of Rees's Cyclopædia. Original in the Art Institute of Chicago.

The American edition was published by Samuel F. Bradford, of Philadelphia.(see fr:Samuel F. Bradford). Bradford was a member of the famous family of American printers. The first volume appeared in May 1806 and the last in December 1820. The work extended to 41 volumes of text and 6 of plates. There were 1,851 subscribers recorded. The initial print run was set at 2,500 copies, but Bradford was beset by financial problems, and the project passed to Murray, Draper Fairman and Company[15] who reduced the run to 2,000 copies. The work sold at $4 per half volume or $8 per volume. The full bound set cost $400 in 1820.[16]

The religious content of the first volumes was re-written to reflect American sensibilities by Bishop William White, an Episcopalian, and Ashbel Green a Presbyterian.[17] Additional American material was incorporated into the text.


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References and sources

References
  1. ^ Such as the Anti-Jacobin Review – see Section 2 below
  2. ^ "The subversive encyclopedia" by John Underwood in Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter, Spring/Summer 2010.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Anonymous (1820). "Notices of New Books: The Cyclopædia ...". Philosophical Magazine. 1st series. 56 (269): 218–24. doi:10.1080/14786442008652396.
  4. ^ "Catalogue" (PDF). IDC. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  5. ^ "Encyclopædias". Quarterly Review. 113: 367. 1863.
  6. ^ Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Encyclopaedia
  7. ^ "The Newcomen Bulletin [of the Newcomen Society of London]". 136. December 1986: 1–2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ "Rees's Cyclopædia". Archives of Natural History. 14: 112. 1987. doi:10.3366/anh.1987.14.1.103.
  9. ^ Fullmer, June (1987). Proposal for the creation of "The Readers' Guide to Rees's Cyclopædia". Self-published in limited-circulation typescript.
  10. ^ Gaskell, Phillip (1956). "The Strahan Papers". The Times Literary Supplement. p. 592.
  11. ^ Vol 18, gathering Q leaf 2
  12. ^ McKerrow, Ronald B. (1928). An introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 306, note 1.
  13. ^ Munby, Frank (1954). Publishing and Bookselling. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 329.
  14. ^ McKerrow, Ronald B. (1928). An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students. Clarendon Press. pp. 161ff.
  15. ^ Frank A. Kafker, Notable encyclopaedias of the late eighteenth century; eleven successors of the Encyclopédie, 1994, p 202, n 6
  16. ^ Jeremy, David J. and Darnell, Polly C., Visual Mechanic Knowledge: The workshop drawings of Isaac Ebeneezer Markham (1795–1825), New England Textile Mechanic, Pub. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 263, 2010. p 340
  17. ^ Frank A. Kafker, Notable encyclopaedias of the late eighteenth century; eleven successors of the Encyclopédie, 1994, p 249, n 102
Chronological list of sources
  • Anon, Dr Rees's New Cyclopædia – On Saturday, 2 January 1802, will be published..., 3 page printed prospectus, 1801
  • Anon, Dr Rees's New Cyclopædia – Samuel F. Bradford is preparing to publish by subscription .... 1 page broadside prospectus of the American edition, n. d. [c.1805]
  • Anon., Review of Vol 1 in the Annual Review and History of Literature, vol 1, 1802, pp 859–66
  • Anon., Review of Vol 1 in the Anti-Jacobin Review, vol 12, 1802, pp 178–90 and vol 13, 1802, pp 40–53
  • Anon., Review of Vols 2, 3 and 4 in the Anti-Jacobin Review, vol 19, 1804, pp 365–376 and vol 20, 1805, pp 44–55
  • Anon., Review of Vol 1 in the British Critic, vol 25/26, 1805, pp 225–244 and vol 27/28, 1806, pp 64–77
  • Morse, Jedediah, comparative reviews of both editions in The Panoplist, Vol 3, 1807, pp 129–134, 178–183, 270–274, 507–511, Vol 4 (N.S. vol 1) 1808-9, pp 131–138, 177–183, 214–217, 273–274, 318–324, 368–371, 407–413, 514–518, Vol 5, (N.S. Vol 2) 1809–10, pp 29–34, 81–85, 123–127.
  • Anon., Review in Eclectic Review, vol 5, 1809, pp 551–552
  • Anon., Review in Ackermann's Repository, vol 2, 1816, p 307
  • Anon., Review in Gentleman's magazine, vol 84, pt 1, 1816, pp 539–40
  • Anonymous (1820). "Notices of New Books: The Cyclopædia ...". Philosophical Magazine. 1st series. 56 (269): 218–24. doi:10.1080/14786442008652396.
  • Anon, Notice of the completion of the publication of the work, Monthly Repository, 1820, vol 15, p 624
  • Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1896). "Cyclopædia '". Journal of Botany. 34: 307–311.
  • Scholes, P. A., The Puritans and Early Music in England and New England, OUP, 1934 [Occasional references to Burney's articles in Rees]
  • Scholes, P. A., The Oxford Companion to Music, 1938 (and later eds) [Frequent citations to Burney's Rees articles, and also some illustrations from the work.]
  • Scholes, P. A., 'A New Enquiry into the Life and Work of Dr Burney', Proceedings of the Musical Association 67th Session, 1940–1941, pp 1–30. [pp 24–5 has section 'Burney an Encyclopaedist'.]
  • Scholes, P. A., The Great Dr Burney, 1948, Vol 2, pp 184–201, chapter LVIII, "Virtues and vagaries of a septuagenarian encyclopædist" [Throughout his biography Scholes made reference to, and some times quoted from, Burney's articles in Rees.]
  • Mackarness, E. D. 'Dr Burney, Biographer', The Contemporary Review, vol 189 (1956) pp 352–357. [A brief account of Burney's biographical writings, including those in Rees.]
  • Scholes, P. A., Dr Burney's Musical Tours in Europe, 2 vol, OUP 1959, [Scholes makes a number of references to, and quotations from Burney's Rees articles]
  • Oldman, C.B., 'Dr Burney and Mozart', Mozart Jahnbuch 1962/63. (1964), pp 73–81. [Includes extracts from Burney's Rees articles about Mozart.]
  • Bentley, G. E. jr., & Nurmi, Martin K., A Blake Bibliography, Annotated lists of Works, Studies, and Blakeana, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1964, pp 145–148. [Detailed discussion of the 7 plates that William Blake engraved for the Cyclopaedia.]
  • Lonsdale, Roger, Dr Charles Burney: a Literary Biography, OUP 1965, pp 407–431, chapter X, "Burney and Rees's Cyclopædia"
  • Ferguson, Eugene S. (1968). "'Cast Iron Aqueduct in Rees's Cyclopædia'". Technology and Culture. 9: 597–600. doi:10.2307/3101903.
  • Cossons, Neil, ed., Rees's Naval Architecture 1819–20, 1 vol, Publisher: David and Charles, 1970
  • Cossons, Neil, ed., Rees's Clocks, Watches and Chronometers, 1 vol, Publisher: David and Charles, 1970
  • Cossons, Neil, ed., Rees's Manufacturing Industry, 5 vol, Publisher: David & Charles, 1972
  • Harte, N. B., 'Rees's Watches Chronometers and Naval Architecture : A Note', Maritime History III 1973, 92–5
  • Harte, N. B., "On Rees's Cyclopædia as a source for the history of the textile industries in the early nineteen century," Textile History, 5, 1974, pp 119–127.
  • Rowland, K. T., Eighteenth Century Inventions David & Charles, 1974 [Draws extensively from the Rees plates as illustrations]
  • Pestana, Harold R., 'Rees's Cyclopædia (1802–1820) a sourcebook for the history of geology, Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, (1979), 9, (3), 353–361.
  • Lonsdale, Roger, 'Dr Burney's 'Dictionary of Music' ',Musicology Australia, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 159–171, 1979 [An account of Burney's Rees articles, with criticism of Scholes's discussion of them.]
  • Kassler, Jamie Croy, The Science of Music in Britain: A Catalogue of writings, Lectures and Inventions, 2 vol, Garland, 1979 [Both Burney and Farey sr. appear often in the Index. Rees's Cyclopaedia and music is discussed at pp 1200–1204.]
  • Jeremy, David J., Transatlantic Industrial Revolution, Blackwells, 1981. [Makes use of the textile machinery illustrations and other information]
  • Stafleu, F. A., and Cowen, R. S., Taxonomic Literature 2ed (1983), vol 4, pp 631–635 [Detailed account of the bibliographic make-up of the volumes and plates. Includes the information that a William Fitt Drake contributed material about botany He does not appear in any of the sources that make up the list of contributors above.]
  • Mabberley, D. J., ' "Anemia", or, the Prevention of Later Homonyms' Taxon, vol 32, No 1 (Feb 1983) pp 79–87. [Has at pp 80–81 an account of Sir J. E. Smith and the Supplementary portion of Rees's Cyclopaedia. Concerns botanical articles.]
  • Grant, Kerry S., Dr Burney as Critic and Historian of Music. UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1983.[Throughout this book Grant made reference to, and some times quoted from, Burney's articles in Rees.]
  • F. A. S., [F. A. Stafleu], The Rees Cyclopaedia: The Cyclopaedia or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, 1802–1820 by A. Rees, Taxon Vol 35, No 2 (May, 1986) pp 452–453. [A review of the IDG microfilm publication of Rees. Makes the point the work had not been adequately studied from the standpoint of the history of science.]
  • Klima, Slava, Bowers, Garry, and Grant, Kerry S., Memoirs of Dr Charles Burney, 1726–1769, University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London, 1988.[Throughout this book the authors made reference to, and frequently quoted from, Burney's articles in Rees.]
  • Kafker, Frank A., Notable Encyclopedists of the Eighteenth Century: Successors of the Encyclopedie, Publisher: The Voltaire Foundation, 1994. [Contains some material about the American edition]
  • Woolrich, A. P., "John Farey, Jr., technical author and draughtsman: his contribution to Rees's Cyclopædia". Industrial Archaeology Review, 20, (1998), 49–68 AIA Abstracts 1998
  • Coad, JonathanThe Portsmouth Block Mills: Bentham, Brunel and the start of the Royal Navy's Industrial Revolution, English Heritage, 2005 [Material from Rees's Cyclopaedia was used to inform Chapter 6 'The Beginnings of Mass Production'. See Portsmouth Block Mills ]
  • Jeremy, David J. and Darnell, Polly C., Visual Mechanic Knowledge: The workshop drawings of Isaac Ebeneezer Markham (1795–1825), New England Textile Mechanic, Pub. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 263, 2010, pp 335–344 [An extensive account of the textiles material in the two versions of the Cyclopædia].
  • Macmillan, David M, 'Abraham Rees,The Cyclopædia ', 2015. [1][This is an important online resource discussing the quality of the digitised versions of the plates in the Cyclopaedia. It investigates the 50-odd plates illustrating the Horological articles, and is an ongoing project, so subject to revision.]
  • Woolrich, A. P., Dr Burney and Rees's Cyclopaedia, Burney Letter, vol 23 no 1 Spring, 2017, pp 1, 2, 10-11 [This discusses Charles Burney's contribution to the Cyclopaedia on music. The Burney Letter is published by the Burney Society. ISSN 1703-9835.]
  • Woolrich, A. P., Consolidated edition of the Music Biographies from Rees's Cyclopaedia, (1802-1819), Burney Letter, vol 23 no 2 Fall, 2017, pp 6–7. [This is an edited version of the fuller introduction to the biographies.]
  • Woolrich, A. P., The General music articles in Rees's Cyclopaedia by Dr Charles Burney, John Farey, Sr. & John Farey, Jr., Burney Letter, Vol 25 No 2, Spring. 2019. pp 1, 6-7, 12.

External links

Digitised copies

British

Abraham Rees (1802–1819), The Cyclopaedia; or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown  + via Hathi Trust

The digitised version of the Atlas is linked from the HathiTrust because the Internet Archive lacks the volume.

الأمريكية

Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia; or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, Philadelphia: S.F. Bradford . نـُشـِرَت 1806–1820

الكلمات الدالة:
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