معركة گتيس‌برگ

Coordinates: 39°48′40″N 77°13′30″W / 39.811°N 77.225°W / 39.811; -77.225
(تم التحويل من معركة گتيزبرگ)
Battle of Gettysburg
جزء من the American Civil War
Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden (cropped).jpg
Pickett's Charge as depicted by Thulstrup in The Battle of Gettysburg
التاريخJuly 1–3, 1863
الموقع
Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania
39°48′40″N 77°13′30″W / 39.811°N 77.225°W / 39.811; -77.225
النتيجة Union victory[1]
المتحاربون
Flag of الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة Flag of الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية الولايات الكونفدرالية
القادة والزعماء
George G. Meade Robert E. Lee
الوحدات المشاركة
Army of the Potomac[2] Army of Northern Virginia[3]
القوى
104,256 ("present for duty")[4][5] 71,000–75,000 (estimated)[6]
الضحايا والخسائر
23,049 total
(3,155 killed;
14,529 wounded;
5,365 captured/missing)
[7][8]		 23,000–28,000 (estimated)[9][10]
Northern Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania (1861-1865)
Gettysburg Campaign, (1863)
Battlefield of Gettysburg, (1863)

The Battle of Gettysburg (local /ˈɡɛtᵻsbɜːrɡ/, with an /s/ sound)[11] was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.[12][13] Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, halting Lee's invasion of the North.

After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North—the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or even Philadelphia. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade.

Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there, his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it. Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford, and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry. However, two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north, collapsing the hastily developed Union lines, sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south.[14]

On the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, Confederate demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. All across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines.

On the third day of battle, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge, known as Pickett's Charge. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great loss to the Confederate army.[15]

Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle, the most costly in US history.

On November 19, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

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خلفية

الوضع العسكري

مقال رئيسيs: Gettysburg Campaign and Gettysburg Battlefield
للمزيد من المعلومات: Battle of Chancellorsville, المسرح الشرقي للحرب الأهلية الأمريكية, and الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
Gettysburg Campaign (through July 3); cavalry movements shown with dashed lines
  Confederate
  Union
This 1863 oval-shaped map depicts Gettysburg Battlefield during July 1–3, 1863, showing troop and artillery positions and movements, relief hachures, drainage, roads, railroads, and houses with the names of residents at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg.
A Harper's Weekly illustration showing Confederate troops escorting captured African American civilians south into slavery. En route to Gettysburg, the Army of Northern Virginia kidnapped approximately 40 black civilians and sent them south into slavery.[16][17][18]


القوات المتقابلة

الاتحاديون

كبار القادة (جيش الپوتوماك)

Army of the Potomac, initially under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker (Maj. Gen. George Meade replaced Hooker in command on June 28), consisted of more than 100,000 men in the following organization:[19]

During the advance on Gettysburg, Maj. Gen. Reynolds was in operational command of the left, or advanced, wing of the Army, consisting of the I, III, and XI Corps.[20] Note that many other Union units (not part of the Army of the Potomac) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign, but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg. These included portions of the Union IV Corps, the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna, and various garrisons, including that at Harpers Ferry.

الكونفدراليون

كبار قادة (جيش شمال ڤرجينيا)
للمزيد من المعلومات: Confederate order of battle

In reaction to the death of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson after Chancellorsville, Lee reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia (75,000 men) from two infantry corps into three.[21]


الحفاظ على ميدان القتال

معركة گتيس‌برگ
Protected area
CW Arty M1857 Napoleon front.jpg
M1857 12-Pounder "Napoleon" at Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
البلد Flag of الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة
State Flag of پنسيلڤانيا پنسيلڤانيا
County Adams
البلديات Cumberland, Franklin
Straban
Campaign
Theater 		Gettysburg
Eastern
Landform Gettysburg sill on the "Gettysburg
plain"[22] (York Haven Diabase)[23]
Landmark High Water Mark monument @
The Angle on Cemetery Ridge
Owners private, federal
الموقع: Park Home (NPS.gov)


التخليد في طوابع وعملات الولايات المتحدة

Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963
Gettysburg National Military Park Quarter, issued 2011



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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Coddington, p. 573. See the discussion regarding historians' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decisive victory.
  2. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 155-168
  3. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 283-291
  4. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, page 151
  5. ^ Busey and Martin, p. 125: "Engaged strength" at the battle was 93,921.
  6. ^ Busey and Martin, p. 260, state that "engaged strength" at the battle was 71,699; McPherson, p. 648, lists the strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000.
  7. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, page 187
  8. ^ Busey and Martin, p. 125.
  9. ^ Busey and Martin, p. 260, cite 23,231 total (4,708 killed;12,693 wounded;5,830 captured/missing).
    See the section on casualties for a discussion of alternative Confederate casualty estimates, which have been cited as high as 28,000.
  10. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 338-346
  11. ^ Robert D. Quigley, Civil War Spoken Here: A Dictionary of Mispronounced People, Places and Things of the 1860's (Collingswood, NJ: C. W. Historicals, 1993), p. 68. ISBN 0-9637745-0-6.
  12. ^ The Battle of Antietam, the culmination of Lee's first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000.
  13. ^ Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p. 83; McPherson, p. 665; Eicher, p. 550. Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point. Eicher uses the arguably related expression, "High-water mark of the Confederacy".
  14. ^ "Battle of Gettysburg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  15. ^ Murray, Williamson; Hsieh, Wayne Wei-siang (2016). "The War in the East, 1863". A Savage War:A Military History of the Civil War. Princeton University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-69-116940-8.
  16. ^ Symonds, pp. 49–54.
  17. ^ Loewen, James W. (1999). Lies Across America: What American Historic Sites Get Wrong. New York City, New York: Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 350. Retrieved March 5, 2016. Lee's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery. This was in keeping with Confederate national policy, which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south.
  18. ^ Simpson, Brooks D. (July 5, 2015). "The Soldiers' Flag?". Crossroads. WordPress. [T]he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863.
  19. ^ Eicher, pp. 502–503.
  20. ^ Coddington, p. 122.
  21. ^ Eicher, p. 503.
  22. ^ Brown, Andrew (2006) [1962]. "GEOLOGY and the Gettysburg Campaign —Eleventh printing" (PDF). Pennsylvania: Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  23. ^ Smith II, R.C. & Keen, R. C (2004). "Appendix A: Regional Rifts and the Battle of Gettysburg" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2010-02-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

المراجع

Memoirs and primary sources

للاستزادة


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وسائط خارجية
الصور
GettysburgPhotographs.com
CivilWar.org maps & photos
Gettysburg.edu paintings & photos
المرئيات
GettysburgAnimated.com

قالب:Gettysburg Campaign قالب:Pennsylvania in the Civil War قالب:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater

قالب:Adams County, Pennsylvania

الكلمات الدالة:
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