معركة مانيلا (1899)

Battle of Manila
	جزء من the Philippine–American War
	; U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.
التاريخ	February 4–5, 1899
الموقع	Manila, Philippines
النتيجة	American victory
المتحاربون
الولايات المتحدة	جمهورية الفلپين الأولى
القادة والزعماء
Elwell S. Otis; Arthur MacArthur, Jr.; Thomas M. Anderson	Emilio Aguinaldo; Antonio Luna; Luciano San Miguel
القوى
19,000 U.S. troops 8,000 in Manila; 11,000 outer defenses	15,000–40,000 Filipino troops (estimates vary)
الضحايا والخسائر
55 killed; 204 wounded	238 killed; 306 captured

قالب:Battles of Manila

The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; إسپانية: Batalla de Manila), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an encroaching group of Filipinos. Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward.

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Disposition of forces

Filipino forces

After the surrender of Manila to American forces by the Spanish in 1898, General Aguinaldo demanded occupation of a line of blockhouses on the Zapote Line, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter. General Otis initially refused this, but later said that he would not object unless overruled by higher authority.^[3] It was estimated at the time that there were about 20,000 Filipino troops surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially known.^[4]

American forces

U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted men. Of these, some 8,000 were deployed in Manila and 11,000 in a defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops were in Cavite or in transports off Iloilo.^[1]

First shots

Private William Walter Grayson who fired the first shots in the Battle of Manila (1899).

Plan of Maynila as it existed in 1851

Zapote Line blockhouse locations

Sources generally agree that the first shots were fired by Private William Walter Grayson, an Englishman who had migrated to America c. 1890, had enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 1898, a month after the Spanish–American War erupted, and had deployed with his unit to the Philippines in June 1898.^[5] Grayson's unit, the First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John M. Stotsenburg, had been encamped in Santa Mesa, Manila, since December 5, 1898.^[6] During the time of their encampment, there had been incidents on and around the San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.^[7]

Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis

U.S. battery in action at the Bridge of San Juan del Monte, 1899

The Bridge of San Juan del Monte in 1899

Aguinaldo was away in Malolos when the conflict started on the 4th. That same night, a Filipino captain in Manila wired him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the hostilities. Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the Americans while maintaining his position of leadership with his nationalist followers. The next day (February 5) Aguinaldo sent an emissary to General Otis to mediate, saying "the firing on our side the night before had been against my order."^[8]

References

^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Linn 2000, p. 42.
^ ^أ ^ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة linn2000p52
^ Legarda 2001, pp. 10–12.
^ Legarda 2001, p. 15.
^ Medina & Medina 2002, p. 30.
^ Legarda 2001, pp. 22–24.
^ Legarda 2001, pp. 37–39, Agoncillo 1990, p. 217.
^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 218.

Bibliography

Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2
Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Tala Pub. Services, https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ
Feuer, A. B. (2002), America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-96821-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=pg-SZanwnuIC
Legarda, Benito Justo (2001), The Hills of Sampaloc: The Opening Actions of the Philippine–American War, February 4–5, 1899, Bookmark, ISBN 978-971-569-418-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=9fhwAAAAMAAJ
Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), The Philippine War, 1899–1902, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ
Medina, Isagani R.; Medina, Mirana R. (2002), "The First Shot That Triggered the Filipino-American War on the 4th of February 1899 Did Not Happen At San Juan Bridge", Espionage in the Philippines, 1896–1902, and other essays, UST Pub. House, pp. 29–48, ISBN 978-971-506-184-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=7V9xAAAAMAAJ
Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-02697-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC