معركة إساندلوانا

معركة إساندلوانا
	جزء من الحرب الإنگليزية الزولوية
	; تصوير للمعركة من Illustrated London News
التاريخ	22 يناير 1879
الموقع	إساندلوانا, جنوب افريقيا28°21′32″S 30°39′9″E / 28.35889°S 30.65250°E
النتيجة	انتصار الزولو
المتحاربون
الإمبراطورية البريطانية	مملكة الزولو
القادة والزعماء
القائد العام: ; ليوتنانت جنرال Lord Chelmsford; ; الصف الثاني من القادة:; Bvt. Lt-Col. Henry Pulleine †; ; Bvt. Col. Anthony Durnford †	القائد العام:; Ntshingwayo kaMahole Khoza; ; الصف الثاني من القادة:; Vumindaba kaNthati; ; Mavumengwana kaMdlela; ; Zibhebhu kaMapitha;
القوى
No.2 Column:; البريطانيون: 14 ; الأهالي + المستعمرون: ca. 511 ; No.3 Column:; البريطانيون: 734; الأهالي + المستعمرون: ca. 578; بالاضافة إلى القوات المذكورةأعلاه، عدد غير محدد من المدنيين (wagon drivers, servants, etc.) were also present.	زولو إمپي:; نحو 20,000 ; حوالي 10,000 to 15,000 engaged; Reserve:; 4,000 to 5,000 to Rorke's Drift
الضحايا والخسائر
Over 1,300 killed:; 52 officers; 727 British regulars; 471 others including:; 133 European Colonial troops; 343 African NNC; 2 cannons captured	1,000 قتيل; 2,000 wounded
	class=notpageimage\| Battle of Isandlwana

معركة إساندلوانا Battle of Isandlwana وقعت في 22 يناير 1879 بين الامبراطورية البريطانية و مملكة زولو, في الحرب الإنگليزية الزولوية, أحد عشر يوما من بدء الغزو البريطاني لها زولولاند في جنوب أفريقيا، وقد كانت قوة محاربي الزولو حوالي 20000 محارب, هاجموا جزء من عمود القوات البريطانية الرئيسية التي تتألف من نحو 1800 جندي بريطاني، والمحلية والمدنيين. وكانت قوات الزولو لديها جيش وطني من خمسة وعشرين الف رجل مجهزة بالأسلحة التقليدية من الرماح الحديد، ودروع جلد البقر. وقد ألمت بالجيش البريطاني أسوأ هزيمة على يد قوات الزولو.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الخلفية

Prelude

Lord Chelmsford.

Cetshwayo, c. 1875

المعركة

Dabulamanzi kaMpande

View of Isandlwana Hill and Battlefeld.

ما بعد الحرب

النتائج

Field Marshal Lord Wolseley

the end of the

نرنيب المعركة

القوات البريطانية

العمود 2

Commanding Officer: Brevet Colonel Anthony Durnford, RE

Staff - 2 officers, 1 NCO
11th/7th Brigade, Royal Artillery – 1 officer, 9 NCOs and men
Natal Native Horse (5 troops) – 5 officers, ca. 259 NCOs and men
1st/1st Natal Native Contingent (2 companies) - 5 or 6 officers, ca. 240 NCOs and men
2nd/1st Natal Native Contingent - 1 NCO

العمود 3

Commanding Officer: Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Pulleine, 1st/24th Foot

Staff - 6 officers, 14 NCO and men
N/5th Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery - 2 officers, 70 NCOs and men
5th Field Company, Royal Engineers - 3 men
1st/24th Regiment of Foot (5 companies and band) – 14 officers, 402 NCOs and men
2nd/24th Regiment of Foot (1 company and details) – 5 officers, 170 NCOs and men
90th Regiment of Foot - 6 men
Army Service Corps - 3 men
Army Hospital Corps - 1 officer, 10 NCOs and men
Imperial Mounted Infantry (1 squadron) - 28 NCOs and men
Natal Mounted Police - 34 NCOs and men
Natal Carbineers - 2 officers, 26 NCOs and men
Newcastle Mounted Rifles - 2 officers, 15 NCOs and men
Buffalo Border Guard - 1 officer, 7 NCOs and men
Natal Native Pioneer Corps - 1 officer, 10 men
1st/3rd Natal Native Contingent (2 companies) - 11 officers, ca. 200 NCOs and men
2nd/3rd Natal Native Contingent (2 companies) - 9 officers, ca. 200 NCOs and men

قوات الزولو

الميمنة

uDududu, uNokenke regiments, part uNodwengu corps – 3,000 to 4,000 men

الوسط

umCijo,uKhandampevu, uThulwana regiments; part uNodwengu corps – 7,000 to 9,000 men

الميسرة

inGobamakhosi, uMbonambi, uVe regiments – 5,000 to 6,000 men^[11]

الإحتياط

Undi corps, uDloko regiment – 4,000 to 5,000 men^[12]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الأسباب التي أدت إلى فوز زولو

Memorial erected at the site commemorating the fallen Zulu impi at Isandlwana Hill, which is visible in the background

أسباب الهزيمة البريطانية

Blame game

View of the Isandlwana battlefield.

انظر أيضاً

Natal Native Contingent
List of Zulu War Victoria Cross recipients
Military history of South Africa
Zulu Dawn, a 1979 film about the event with Peter O'Toole and Burt Lancaster
Battle of Rorke's Drift
Battle of Blood River
British military history
Colony of Natal
Bambatha Rebellion
Martini-Henry
Battle of Adwa

الهوامش

^ Knight, Ian. Zulu War 1879, Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1841766127, p. 33.
^ All figures from Holme, N. (1999) The Noble 24th: Biographical Records of the 24th Regiment in the Zulu War and the South African Campaigns, 1877-1879 pp.377-378
^ Doyle, p. 120: "...around 20,000...". Colenso, p. 313, "The Zulu army, he (Nugwende) says, numbered 20,0000..." and p. 312, "...full nominal strength reaches a total of 30,900 men but the actual numbers are estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة k86
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة NHoSA-166
^ Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "... nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd."
^ Colenso, p. 312, gives 1333 also states a "given" total as 822 but says the actual loss is slightly higher
^ Lock, p. 224
^ Knight, Ian. Isandlwana 1879: The Great Zulu Victory, Osprey,2002, p. 86. Knight's estimate of Zulu casualties is more in keeping with those suffered by the Zulu at Kambula where a British column forms an excellent defensive position with a wagon lager, six 7 pounder artillery pieces and 2,000 soldiers and inflicts 800(counted bodies)-1,000 killed on the Zulu. Similarly, Knight & Castle. Zulu War 1879: twilight of a warrior nation, 1992, p.54 and in their Zulu War, 2004, p.114, state that the Zulu casualties at Kambula and Isandlwana are comparable. Also Laband, Historical Dictionary, 2009, p.123.
^ Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "The next few days after the battle, St. Matthew's simile, " Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together," was fully illustrated, for literally the sky was darkened at times by continuous streams of " Aasvogels " heading from all directions to the battlefield marked by that precipitous and conspicuous crag, like a lion couchant, " Isandhlwana " where nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd." As can be seen from this account there were from both sides a total of 2 to 3 thousand natives killed.
^ Morris, p. 369
^ Morris, p.370, "played no part in the battle"

المصادر

Colenso, Frances E.; (assisted in those portions of the work that touch on military matters by Lieut.-Colonel Edward Durnford) (1880). History of the Zulu War and Its Origin. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 1152317296.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Google books
Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R.. Fields of Battle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1-4020-0433-8, essay by Tony Pollard The Mountain is their Monument, pp. 118 ff
Gump, James O. (1996). The Dust Rose Like Smoke; The Subjugation Of The Zulu And The Sioux. Bison Books. ISBN 0803270593.. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
Knight, Ian (1992). Zulu War 1879, Twilight of of a Warrior Nation. Osprey. ISBN 1855321653. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Knight, Ian (2002). Isandlwana 1879: The Great Zulu Victory. Osprey. ISBN 1841765112.
Knight, Ian (2003). The Anglo-Zulu War. Osprey. ISBN 1841766127.
Knight, Ian (2004). Zulu War. Osprey. ISBN 1841768588. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810860783.
Lock, Ron (2002). Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up. Johannesburg & Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. ISBN 1868422143. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Morris, Donald R. (1998). The Washing of the Spears. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306808668.
Smith-Dorrien, Horace. Memories of Forty-eight Years Service, London, 1925.
Spiers, Edward M. . The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902, Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
Thompson, Paul Singer (2006). Black soldiers of the queen: the Natal native contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817353682.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

قراءات أخرى

David, Saul Zulu, The Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War of 1879, 2005.
Furneaux, R The Zulu War: Isandhlwana & Rorke's Drift W&N (Great Battles of History Series), 1963.
Greaves, Adrian Isandlwana Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35700-6.
Greaves, Adrian Rorke's Drift Cassell, 2003 ISBN 0-304-36641-2.

الصوت والفيديو

"Impi", song written by South African music superstar Johnny Clegg and performed by his band Juluka on the album African Litany
Rattray, David. Day of the Dead Moon. Audio series narrated by author regarding Anglo-Zulu War
Zulu – The Warriors Return (clip from 52 mns TV documentary)
Blood Mountain: Re-enacting the battle of Isandlwana (1999) from Countrywide Productions of Huntingdon, UK. Written and narrated by Ian Knight. Produced and Directed by Michael Maloney. VHS/PAL (45 minutes). "Blood Mountain: re-enacting the Battle of Isandlwana (1999)". African Media Program of Michigan State University. Retrieved May 17, 2010.

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:

جنوب أفريقيا

[1] Knight, Ian. Zulu War 1879, Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1841766127, p. 33.

[2] All figures from Holme, N. (1999) The Noble 24th: Biographical Records of the 24th Regiment in the Zulu War and the South African Campaigns, 1877-1879 pp.377-378

[3] Doyle, p. 120: "...around 20,000...". Colenso, p. 313, "The Zulu army, he (Nugwende) says, numbered 20,0000..." and p. 312, "...full nominal strength reaches a total of 30,900 men but the actual numbers are estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000

[k86-4] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة k86

[NHoSA-166-5] أ ^ب ^ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة NHoSA-166

[6] Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "... nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd."

[7] Colenso, p. 312, gives 1333 also states a "given" total as 822 but says the actual loss is slightly higher

[8] Lock, p. 224

[9] Knight, Ian. Isandlwana 1879: The Great Zulu Victory, Osprey,2002, p. 86. Knight's estimate of Zulu casualties is more in keeping with those suffered by the Zulu at Kambula where a British column forms an excellent defensive position with a wagon lager, six 7 pounder artillery pieces and 2,000 soldiers and inflicts 800(counted bodies)-1,000 killed on the Zulu. Similarly, Knight & Castle. Zulu War 1879: twilight of a warrior nation, 1992, p.54 and in their Zulu War, 2004, p.114, state that the Zulu casualties at Kambula and Isandlwana are comparable. Also Laband, Historical Dictionary, 2009, p.123.

[10] Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "The next few days after the battle, St. Matthew's simile, " Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together," was fully illustrated, for literally the sky was darkened at times by continuous streams of " Aasvogels " heading from all directions to the battlefield marked by that precipitous and conspicuous crag, like a lion couchant, " Isandhlwana " where nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd." As can be seen from this account there were from both sides a total of 2 to 3 thousand natives killed.

[11] Morris, p. 369

[12] Morris, p.370, "played no part in the battle"

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]