معاهدة پوناخا
![]() دزونگ پوناخا، حيث وُقعت معاهدة پوناخا | |
وُقـِّعت | 8 يناير 1910 |
---|---|
المكان | دزونگ پوناخا |
سارية منذ | 10 يناير 1910 |
الحالة | تصديق الهند البريطانية |
انتهاء الصلاحية | 1947 |
الموقعون | سيكم Political Officer Charles Alfred Bell; الملك البوتاني أوگين وانگچوك ووزراؤه |
الأطراف | الهند البريطانية؛ مملكة بوتان |
المصدقون | نائب الملك والحاكم العام Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (الهند البريطانية) |
اللغة | الإنجليزية |
معاهدة پوناخا The Treaty of Punakha كانت اتفاقية وُقـِّعت في 8 يناير 1910، في دزونگ پوناخا between the recently consolidated مملكة بوتان والهند البريطانية. معاهدة پوناخا is not a stand-alone document, but represents a modification of the معاهدة سنچولا of 1865, the prior working agreement between بوتان والهند البريطانية.[1] As such, the Treaty of Punakha is an amendment whose text incorporates all other aspects of معاهدة سنچولا by reference.
Under the Treaty of Punakha, Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government an increased stipend, and took control of Bhutanese foreign relations. Although this treaty began the practice of delegating Bhutanese foreign relations to another suzerain, the treaty also affirmed Bhutanese independence as one of the few Asian kingdoms never conquered by a regional or colonial power.[2][3]
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خلفية
For five months, between 1864 and 1865, Bhutan and British India engaged in the حرب دوار, which Bhutan lost. As a result, Bhutan lost of part of its sovereign territory, accompanied by forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the معاهدة سنچولا, signed on 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the eighty-three square kilometer territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees.[4]
By the turn of the century, continuing geopolitical developments raised the question of a new treaty. أوگين وانگچوك had consolidated power as Penlop of Trongsa and was unanimously elected monarch by government and religious cadres just two years earlier, in December 1907.[5]
The Treaty of Punakha was enacted on 8 January 1910, at the signing at Punakha by Sikkim Political Officer Charles Alfred Bell and the first Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan) Maharaja أوگين وانگچوك.[6]
الأعقاب والنقض
خلقت معاهدة پوناخا سابقة لتعديل معاهدة سابقة وكذلك للاعتراف بسلطة أجنبية في بوتان، وأكدت ممارسة الدعم المالي الأجنبي للحكومة الملكية.[7] The payments and lands subject to the Treaty of Punakha were accompanied by several contemporary and later agreements, some of which ultimately undid the Punakha amendments.[8][9][10]
صاحبت معاهدة پوناخا اتفاقيات أخرى معاصرة كان لها أثر تقاسم الأرباح من صيد الفيلة بشكل غير متساوي لصالح بريطانيا؛[1] assigning land in Motithang (Thimphu Province) and a hill station between Chukha and Thimphu to the British; and assigning a portion of British Kalimpong إلى بوتان، التي أصبحت لاحقاً بيت بوتان الذي تملكه أسرة دورجي.[11] The land around the Kalimpong estate had previously been ceded من بوتان إلى الهند البريطانية at the conclusion the حرب بوتان and as a condition of the معاهدة سنچولا في 1865.[12][13] القاضي أوگين دورجي من أسرة دورجي settled the land and took advantage of the lucrative trade routes عبر Kalimpong، وبحلول 1898 كان يقوم بأدوار الوكيل التجاري والوسيط بين الامبراطورية البريطانية و التبت.[14]
وفي أغسطس 1947، بعد أن حصلت الهند على استقلالها كدولة ذات سيادة، زال الوجود البريطاني الذي كانت تقوم عليه معاهدة پوناخا. والممالك، مثل بوتان، مُنحت الاختيار بين أن تبقى مستقلة، أو أن تنضم للاتحاد الهندي. واختارت بوتان أن تبقى مستقلة، وفي 8 أغسطس 1949، اعترفت الهند باستقلال بوتان. وفي 23 أبريل 1948، سونام توپگاي دورجي، وهو من أسرة دورجي، ترأس الوفد البوتاني إلى الهند حديثة الاستقلال، ليلتقي رئيس الوزراء جواهرلال نهرو. أسس توپگاي ونهرو العلاقات البوتانية الهندية، مدفوعين بمخاوف أمنية متزايدة حول الصين الشيوعية. استمرت المفاوضات الثنائية حتى 8 أغسطس 1949، وتـُوِّجت بالمعاهدة البوتانية-الهندية. وبمقتضى تلك الاتفاقية، أعادت الهند أراض حول ديوثانگ، والتي كانت جزءا من الحرب الإنگليزية البوتانية في 1865.[9][15]
وفي فبراير 2007، وقـَّع الملك الخامس جيگمى خسار نامگيل وانگچوك معاهدة صداقة جديدة مع الهند، تحل محل معاهدة 1949.[16]
نص المعاهدة
فيما يلي النص الكامل لمعاهدة پوناخا:
Whereas it is desirable to amend Articles IV. and VIII. of the معاهدة أبرمت في سنچولا on the 11th day of November, 1865, corresponding with the Bhutia year Sing Lang, 24th day of the 9th month, between the British Government and the Government of Bhutan, the undermentioned amendments are agreed to on the one part by Mr. C. A. Bell, Political Officer in Sikkim, in virtue of full powers to that effect vested in him by the Right Honourable Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, P.C., G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., G.C.M.G., Earl of Minto, نائب الملك والحاكم العام للهند in council, and on the other part by His Highness Sir أوگين وانگچوك، K.C.I.E., مهراجا بوتان.
الاضافة التالية أُدخِلت على البند الرابع من معاهدة سنچولا في 1865.
- "The British Government has increased the annual allowance to the حكومة بوتان from fifty thousand rupees (Rs. 50,000) to one hundred thousand rupees (Rs. 100,000) with effect from the 10th January, 1910."
البند VIII. في معاهدة سنچولا في 1865 has been revised and the revised Article runs as follows: –
- "The British Government undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part, the Bhutanese Government agrees to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations. In the event of disputes with or causes of complaint against the Maharajas of Sikkim and Cooch Behar, such matters will be referred for arbitration to the British Government which will settle them in such manner as justice may require, and insist upon the observance of its decision by the Maharajas named."
Done in quadruplicate at Punakha, Bhutan, this eighth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ten, corresponding with the Bhutia date, the 27th day of the 11th month of the Earth-Bird (Sa-ja) year.
C. A. Bell, Political officer in Sikkim.
Eighth January, nineteen hundred and ten
(8 January 1910).(seal)
Seal of Political officer in Sikkim.Seal of Dharma Raja. [seal]
Seal of His Highness the Maharaja of Bhutan. (seal)
Seal of Tatsang Lamas. (seal)
Seal of Tongsa Penlop. (seal)
Seal of Paro Penlop. (seal)
Seal of Zhung Dronyer. (seal)
Seal of Timbu Jongpen. (seal)
Seal of Punaka Jongpen. (seal)
Seal of Wangdu Potang Jongpen. (seal)
Seal of Taka Penlop. (seal)
Seal of Deb Zimpon. (seal)
MINTO,
Viceroy and Governor-General of India.This treaty was ratified by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India in Council at Fort William, on the twenty-fourth day of March, A.D. one thousand nine hundred and ten (24 March 1910).
S. H. BUTLER,
Secretary to the Government of India,
Foreign Department.[6][Note 1]— Treaty of Punakha
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Fraser, Neil; Bhattacharya, Anima; Bhattacharya, Bimalendu (2001). Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan. Concept Publishing Company. p. 17. ISBN 81-7022-887-5. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Rose, Leo E. (1977). The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8014-0909-8.
[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.
- ^ Aris, Michael (2005). The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan. Chicago: Serindia Publications. p. 15. ISBN 1-932476-21-0.
[Bhutan was] peripheral to the great empire of power and faith [i.e., Tibet], yet never subjugated to it.
- ^ Singh, Nagendra (1978). "Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula". Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government (2nd ed.). Thomson Press Publication Division. p. 243. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Singh, Nagendra (1985). Bhutan, a kingdom in the Himalayas: a study of the land, its people and their government (3rd ed.). S. Chand. p. 52. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
- ^ أ ب Great Britain Foreign Office, India (1904). "East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet". 2–4. Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
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(help) - ^ Schicklgruber, Christian (1998). Bhutan: mountain fortress of the gods. Shambhala. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- ^
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress.
- ^ أ ب Warikoo, K. (2009). Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives. Routledge contemporary South Asia series. Vol. 13. Taylor & Francis US. p. 139. ISBN 0-415-46839-6. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ "Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1949-08-08. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001). Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-119-1. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ Hilker, Deb Shova Kansakar (2005). Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu. Vajra Publications. ISBN 99946-644-6-8. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ Arts of Asia. Vol. 17. Arts of Asia Publications. 1987. p. 107. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ Dorji, Khandu-Om (2002). "A Brief History of Bhutan House in Kalimpong" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ "Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1949-08-08. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ "Bhutan and India sign new treaty". BBC. 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2008-11-06.