معاهدة هليگولاند-زنزبار

Handover ceremony on Heligoland, 10 August 1890

معاهدة هليگولاند-زنزبار (ألمانية: Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag؛ إنگليزية: Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty؛ وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم الاتفاقية الألمانية الإنجليزية 1890) was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between the German Empire and the United Kingdom. Germany gained the small but strategic هليگولاند archipelago, which its new navy needed to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany's North Sea ports. In exchange, Germany gave up its rights في منطقة زنزبار في أفريقيا، allowing Zanzibar to provide a key link in the British control of East Africa.

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 البنود

زنزبار، شرق أفريقيا الألماني، قبل 1890

حصلت ألمانيا على جزر هليگولاند (ألمانية: Helgoland) في بحر الشمال، التي كانت أصلاً جزء من هولشتاين-گوتورپ الدنماركية ولكن منذ 1814 أصبحت مِلك بريطانيا، وما يسمى قطاع كاپريڤي في ما هو الآن ناميبيا، وأطلقت يدها للسيطرة والاستحواذ على ساحل دار السلام الذي سيشكل لب شرق أفريقيا الألماني (لاحقاً Tanganyika, now the mainland component of Tanzania).

 العواقب

The misleading name for the treaty was introduced by ex-Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who intended to attack his despised successor Caprivi for concluding an agreement that Bismarck himself had arranged during his incumbency. However, Bismarck's nomenclature implied that Germany had swapped an African empire for tiny Heligoland ("trousers for a button"). This was eagerly adopted by imperialists, who complained about treason against German interests. Carl Peters and Alfred Hugenberg appealed for the foundation of the Alldeutscher Verband which took place in 1891.

 للاستزادة

• Gillard, D. R. "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890," English Historical Review (1960) 75#297 pp. 631–653 in JSTOR
• Perras, Arne (2004). Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856–1918: A Political Biography: A Political Biography. Clarendon Press. pp. 168–79.
• Pyeatt, Duane Niler. "Heligoland and the making of the Anglo-German colonial agreement in 1890 (MA thesis Texas Tech University, 1988) online

 وصلات خارجية

• Yokell, Marshall A.: "The treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the beginning of the end for the Anglo-German friendship?" (2010), Master's Theses, University of Richmond, Paper 694, includes the citation of the English version of the contract
• Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und dem Vereinigten Königreich über die Kolonien und Helgoland vom 1. Juli 1890, Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern (DGDB), Transcription of: Das Staatsarchiv. Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der Gegenwart, Bd. 51, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, S. 151. (بالألمانية)
• The Anglo-German Treaty (Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty) 1 July 1890, Translation of the German version of the contract