مصفوفة طورية

رسم متحرك يوضح كيفية عمل النسق الطوري. يتكون من مجموعة من عناصر الهوائي (A) مدعوم من مرسل (TX). يمر تيار التغذية لكل هوائي من خلال مبدل الطول "" (φ) "" يتم التحكم فيه بواسطة جهاز كمبيوتر "(C)". تظهر الخطوط الحمراء المتحركة الخطوط الموجية للموجات اللاسلكية المنبعثة من كل عنصر. تكون الواجهات الموجية الفردية كروية ، ولكنها تجمع ( التراكب) أمام الهوائي لإنشاء موجة مستوية ، وهي حزمة من الموجات الراديوية تسير في اتجاه معين. تعمل مبدلات الطور على تأخير الأمواج الراديوية بالتصاعد تدريجياً إلى أعلى الخط بحيث يصدر كل هوائي جبهة الموجة في وقت لاحق عن تلك التي تحته. يؤدي ذلك إلى توجيه الموجة المستوية الناتجة بزاوية "θ" إلى محور الهوائي. من خلال تغيير تحولات الطور ، يمكن للكمبيوتر تغيير زاوية الشعاع "θ" على الفور. تحتوي معظم المصفوفات الطورية على أنساق ثنائية الأبعاد للهوائيات بدلاً من النسق الخطي الموضح هنا ، ويمكن توجيه الحزمة في بعدين. سرعة الموجات اللاسلكية تظهر ببطء شديد.
رسم متحرك يُظهر نمط الإشعاع لنسق طوري مكون من 15 عنصر هوائي متباعداً بربع طول الموجة بينما يكون فرق الطور بين الهوائيات المتجاورة متراوحاً بين -120 و 120 درجة. المنطقة المظلمة هي الشعاع أو الفص الرئيسي ، بينما خطوط الضوء المنتشرة حوله هي الفصوص الجانبية.

في نظرية الهوائيات، المصفوفة الطورية phased array، عادة ما يعني مصفوفة تم مسحها إلكترونيًا ، وهي عبارة عن مصفوفة يتم التحكم فيه بواسطة الكمبيوتر مصفوفة من الهوائيات والذي ينشئ شعاعًا من أمواج الراديو التي يمكن توجيهها إلكترونيًا للإشارة في اتجاهات مختلفة دون تحريك الهوائيات.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] في هوائي المصفوفة ، يتم تغذية تيار التردد الراديوي من المرسل إلى الهوائيات الفردية بعلاقة طور صحيحة بحيث تجمع الأمواج الراديوية من الهوائيات المنفصلة معًا لزيادة الإشعاع في الاتجاه المطلوب ، أثناء الإلغاء لمنع الإشعاع في اتجاهات غير مرغوب فيها. في نسق طوري ، يتم تغذية الطاقة من جهاز الإرسال إلى الهوائيات من خلال أجهزة تسمى "مبدلات الطور ، يتم التحكم فيها بواسطة نظام كمبيوتر ، والذي يمكن أن يغير الطور إلكترونيًا ، وبالتالي توجيه حزمة أمواج الراديو لاتجاه مختلف. نظرًا لأن المصفوفة يجب أن تتكون من العديد من الهوائيات الصغيرة (أحيانًا الآلاف) لتحقيق مكاسب عالية ، تعد المصفوفات الطورية عملية بشكل رئيسي عند نهاية تردد عالية من الطيف الراديوي ، في UHF و نطاقات الأمواج الميكروية ، حيث تكون عناصر الهوائي صغيرة بشكل ملائم.

تم اختراع المصفوفات الطورية للاستخدام في أنظمة الرادار العسكرية ، لتوجيه شعاع من أمواج الراديو بسرعة عبر السماء لاكتشاف الطائرات والصواريخ. هذه النظم المستخدمة على نطاق واسع الآن تنتشر إلى التطبيقات المدنية. يستخدم أيضًا مبدأ النسق الطوري في الصوتيات ، ويتم استخدام المصفوفات الطورية للمحولات الصوتية في الماسحات الضوئية الطبية التصوير بالأمواج فوق الصوتية (الأمواج فوق الصوتية للمصفوفة الطورية) ، الهيدروكربون التنقيب عن النفط والغاز (علم الزلازل الانعكاسي) و أنظمة السونار العسكرية.

كما يستخدم مصطلح "النسق الطوري" إلى حد أقل في المصفوفات الهوائية غير الموجهة حيث يتم تثبيت طور قدرة التغذية وبالتالي مخطط إشعاع مصفوفة الهوائي.[6][9] على سبيل المثال ، تُسمى أيضًا الهوائيات الراديوية للبث AM التي تتكون من مشعات أعمدة الإشارات متعددة لتكوين مخطط إشعاع "مصفوفات مرحلية" معين.

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الأنواع

Phased arrays take multiple forms. However, the four most common are the passive electronically scanned array (PESA), active electronically scanned array (AESA), hybrid beam forming phased array, and digital beam forming (DBF) array.[10]

A passive phased array or passive electronically scanned array (PESA) is a phased array in which the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter and/or receiver, as shown in the first animation at top. PESAs are the most common type of phased array. Generally speaking, a PESA uses one receiver/exciter for the entire array.

An active phased array or active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a phased array in which each antenna element has an analog transmitter/receiver (T/R) module[11] which creates the phase shifting required to electronically steer the antenna beam. Active arrays are a more advanced, second-generation phased-array technology that are used in military applications; unlike PESAs they can radiate several beams of radio waves at multiple frequencies in different directions simultaneously. However, the number of simultaneous beams is limited by practical reasons of electronic packaging of the beam formers to approximately three simultaneous beams for an AESA. Each beam former has a receiver/exciter connected to it.

A hybrid beam forming phased array can be thought of as a combination of an AESA and a digital beam forming phased array. It uses subarrays that are active phased arrays (for instance, a subarray may be 64, 128 or 256 elements and the number of elements depends upon system requirements). The subarrays are combined to form the full array. Each subarray has its own digital receiver/exciter. This approach allows clusters of simultaneous beams to be created.

A digital beam forming (DBF) phased array has a digital receiver/exciter at each element in the array. The signal at each element is digitized by the receiver/exciter. This means that antenna beams can be formed digitally in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or the array computer. This approach allows for multiple simultaneous antenna beams to be formed.

A conformal antenna[12] is a phased array in which the individual antennas, instead of being arranged in a flat plane, are mounted on a curved surface. The phase shifters compensate for the different path lengths of the waves due to the antenna elements' varying position on the surface, allowing the array to radiate a plane wave. Conformal antennas are used in aircraft and missiles, to integrate the antenna into the curving surface of the aircraft to reduce aerodynamic drag.


التاريخ

هوائي فرديناند براون 1905 والذي استخدم مبدأ المصفوفة الطورية ، الذي يتكون من 3 هوائيات أحادية القطب في مثلث متساوي الأضلاع. تسبب تأخير ربع الموجة في خط تغذية هوائي واحد في إشعاع المصفوفة في حزمة. يمكن تحويل التأخير يدويًا إلى أي من التغذية الثلاثة ، مع تدوير حزمة الهوائي بمقدار 120 درجة.
الولايات المتحدة PAVE PAWS رادار مصفوفة طورية نشطة لكشف الصواريخ الباليستية في ألاسكا. اكتمل في عام 1979 ، وكان من أول المصفوفات النشطة الطورية.
صورة مقربة لبعض عناصر هوائي ثنائي القطب 2677 المتقاطعة التي تشكل مجموعة المستوى. أنتج هذا الهوائي شعاع "قلم رصاص" ضيق بعرض 2.2 درجة فقط.
هوائي رادار مصفوفة طورية نشطة داخل مقدمة الطائرة المقاتلة F-22 Raptor الأمريكية. تقريباً جميع الطائرات المقاتلة تستخدم الآن رادارات المصفوفة الطورية.
رادارات BMEWS & PAVE PAWS
رادار الماموت الطورية الحرب العالمية الثانية

Phased array transmission was originally shown in 1905 by Nobel laureate Karl Ferdinand Braun who demonstrated enhanced transmission of radio waves in one direction.[13][14] During World War II, Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez used phased array transmission in a rapidly steerable radar system for "ground-controlled approach", a system to aid in the landing of aircraft. At the same time, the GEMA in Germany built the Mammut 1.[15] It was later adapted for radio astronomy leading to Nobel Prizes for Physics for Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle after several large phased arrays were developed at the University of Cambridge Interplanetary Scintillation Array. This design is also used for radar, and is generalized in interferometric radio antennas.

In 1966, most phased-array radars use ferrite phase shifters or traveling-wave tubes to dynamically adjust the phase. The AN/SPS-33 -- installed on the nuclear-powered ships Long Beach and Enterprise around 1961 -- was claimed to be the only operational 3-D phased array in the world in 1966. The AN/SPG-59 was designed to generate multiple tracking beams from the transmitting array and simultaneously program independent receiving arrays. The first civilian 3D phased array was built in 1960 at the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center; but was abandoned in 1961.[16]

In 2004, Caltech researchers demonstrated the first integrated silicon-based phased array receiver at 24 GHz with 8 elements.[17] This was followed by their demonstration of a CMOS 24 GHz phased array transmitter in 2005[18] and a fully integrated 77 GHz phased array transceiver with integrated antennas in 2006[19][20] by the Caltech team. In 2007, DARPA researchers announced a 16-element phased-array radar antenna which was also integrated with all the necessary circuits on a single silicon chip and operated at 30–50 GHz.[21]

The relative amplitudes of—and constructive and destructive interference effects among—the signals radiated by the individual antennas determine the effective radiation pattern of the array. A phased array may be used to point a fixed radiation pattern, or to scan rapidly in azimuth or elevation. Simultaneous electrical scanning in both azimuth and elevation was first demonstrated in a phased array antenna at Hughes Aircraft Company, California in 1957.[22]

التطبيقات

البث

In broadcast engineering, the term 'phased array' has a meaning different from its normal meaning, it means an ordinary array antenna, an array of multiple mast radiators designed to radiate a directional radiation pattern, as opposed to a single mast which radiates an omnidirectional pattern. Broadcast phased arrays have fixed radiation patterns and are not 'steered' during operation as are other phased arrays.

Phased arrays are used by many AM broadcast radio stations to enhance signal strength and therefore coverage in the city of license, while minimizing interference to other areas. Due to the differences between daytime and nighttime ionospheric propagation at mediumwave frequencies, it is common for AM broadcast stations to change between day (groundwave) and night (skywave) radiation patterns by switching the phase and power levels supplied to the individual antenna elements (mast radiators) daily at sunrise and sunset. For shortwave broadcasts many stations use arrays of horizontal dipoles. A common arrangement uses 16 dipoles in a 4×4 array. Usually this is in front of a wire grid reflector. The phasing is often switchable to allow beam steering in azimuth and sometimes elevation.

الرادار

Phased arrays were invented for radar tracking of ballistic missiles, and because of their fast tracking abilities phased array radars are widely used in military applications. For example, because of the rapidity with which the beam can be steered, phased array radars allow a warship to use one radar system for surface detection and tracking (finding ships), air detection and tracking (finding aircraft and missiles) and missile uplink capabilities. Before using these systems, each surface-to-air missile in flight required a dedicated fire-control radar, which meant that radar-guided weapons could only engage a small number of simultaneous targets. Phased array systems can be used to control missiles during the mid-course phase of the missile's flight. During the terminal portion of the flight, continuous-wave fire control directors provide the final guidance to the target. Because the antenna pattern is electronically steered, phased array systems can direct radar beams fast enough to maintain a fire control quality track on many targets simultaneously while also controlling several in-flight missiles.

The AN/SPY-1 phased array radar, part of the Aegis Combat System deployed on modern U.S. cruisers and destroyers, "is able to perform search, track and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a capability of over 100 targets."[23] Likewise, the Thales Herakles phased array multi-function radar used in service with France and Singapore has a track capacity of 200 targets and is able to achieve automatic target detection, confirmation and track initiation in a single scan, while simultaneously providing mid-course guidance updates to the MBDA Aster missiles launched from the ship.[24] The German Navy and the Royal Dutch Navy have developed the Active Phased Array Radar System (APAR). The MIM-104 Patriot and other ground-based antiaircraft systems use phased array radar for similar benefits.

Phased arrays are used in naval sonar, in active (transmit and receive) and passive (receive only) and hull-mounted and towed array sonar.

اتصالات المسبار الفضائي

The MESSENGER spacecraft was a space probe mission to the planet Mercury (2011–2015[25]). This was the first deep-space mission to use a phased-array antenna for communications. The radiating elements are circularly-polarized, slotted waveguides. The antenna, which uses the X band, used 26 radiative elements and can gracefully degrade.[26]

الاستخدام في أبحاث الطقس

تركيب رادار AN / SPY-1A في المختبر الوطني للعواصف الشديدة ، نورمان ، أوكلاهوما. يوفر رادوم المرفق الحماية من الطقس.

The National Severe Storms Laboratory has been using a SPY-1A phased array antenna, provided by the US Navy, for weather research at its Norman, Oklahoma facility since April 23, 2003. It is hoped that research will lead to a better understanding of thunderstorms and tornadoes, eventually leading to increased warning times and enhanced prediction of tornadoes. Current project participants include the National Severe Storms Laboratory and National Weather Service Radar Operations Center, Lockheed Martin, United States Navy, University of Oklahoma School of Meteorology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Atmospheric Radar Research Center, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the Federal Aviation Administration, and Basic Commerce and Industries. The project includes research and development, future technology transfer and potential deployment of the system throughout the United States. It is expected to take 10 to 15 years to complete and initial construction was approximately $25 million.[27] A team from Japan's RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) has begun experimental work on using phased-array radar with a new algorithm for instant weather forecasts.[28]


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البصريات

Within the visible or infrared spectrum of electromagnetic waves it is possible to construct optical phased arrays. They are used in wavelength multiplexers and filters for telecommunication purposes,[29] laser beam steering, and holography. Synthetic array heterodyne detection is an efficient method for multiplexing an entire phased array onto a single element photodetector. The dynamic beam forming in an optical phased array transmitter can be used to electronically raster or vector scan images without using lenses or mechanically moving parts in a lensless projector.[30] Optical phased array receivers have been demonstrated to be able to act as lensless cameras by selectively looking at different directions.[31][32]

أجهزة استقبال/إرسال الإنترنت الساتلي عريض النطاق

Starlink is a low Earth orbit satellite constellation that is under construction اعتبارا من 2021. It is designed to provide broadband internet connectivity to consumers; the user terminals of the system will use phased array antennas.[33]

تحديد تردد الراديو (RFID)

By 2014, phased array antennas were integrated into RFID systems to increase the area of coverage of a single system by 100% to 76,200 m2 (820,000 sq ft) while still using traditional passive UHF tags.[34]

تفاعل الآلة والبشر (HMI)

A phased array of acoustic transducers, denominated airborne ultrasound tactile display (AUTD), was developed in 2008 at the University of Tokyo's Shinoda Lab to induce tactile feedback.[35] This system was demonstrated to enable a user to interactively manipulate virtual holographic objects.[36]

الفلك الراديوي

Phased Array Feeds (PAF)[37] have recently been used at the focus of radio telescopes to provide many beams, giving the radio telescope a very wide field of view. Three examples are the ASKAP telescope in Australia, the Apertif upgrade to the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in The Netherlands, and the Florida Space Institute in the United States .

النظرية الحرجة وحسابها

Coordinate frame of phased array used in calculation of array factor, directivity, and gain.

عامل المصفوفة

The total directivity of a phased array will be a result of the gain of the individual array elements, and the directivity due their positioning in an array. This latter component is closely tied (but not equal to[38]) to the array factor.[39][صفحة مطلوبة][38] In a (rectangular) planar phased array, of dimensions , with inter-element spacing and , respectively, the array factor can be calculated accordingly[2][39][صفحة مطلوبة]:

مخطط الإشعاع لمصفوفة طورية يحتوي على 7 بواعث متباعدة ربع طول موجة متباعدة ، يوضح اتجاه تبديل الشعاع. يتحول تحول الطور بين البواعث المجاورة من 45 درجة إلى −45 درجة

Here, and are the directions which we are taking the array factor in, in the coordinate frame depicted to the right. The factors and are the progressive phase shift that is used to steer the beam electronically. The factors and are the excitation coefficients of the individual elements.

Beam steering is indicated in the same coordinate frame, however the direction of steering is indicated with and , which is used in calculation of progressive phase:

In all above equations, the value describes the wavenumber of the frequency used in transmission.

These equations can be solved to predict the nulls, main lobe, and grating lobes of the array. Referring to the exponents in the array factor equation, we can say that major and grating lobes will occur at integer solutions to the following equations:[2][39][صفحة مطلوبة]

مثال محلول

It is common in engineering to provide phased array values in decibels through . Recalling the complex exponential in the array factor equation above, often, what is really meant by array factor is the magnitude of the summed phasor produced at the end of array factor calculation. With this, we can produce the following equation:

For the ease of visualization, we will analyze array factor given an input azimuth and elevation, which we will map to the array frame and through the following conversion:

This represents a coordinate frame whose axis is aligned with the array axis, and whose axis is aligned with the array axis.

If we consider a phased array, this process provides the following values for , when steering to bore-sight (,):

16x16 0.250 lambda spacing planar array factor.png 16x16 0p500 lambda spacing planar array factor.png
16x16 1p0 lambda spacing planar array factor.png 16x16 2p0 lambda spacing planar array factor.png

These values have been clipped to have a minimum of -50 dB, however, in reality, null points in the array factor pattern will have values significantly smaller than this.


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المنظور والمعادلات الرياضية

مخطط الإشعاع لمصفوفة طورية في نظام الإحداثيات القطبية.


الآن ، إضافة مصطلح φ إلى تأثير الهامش في الناتج المدى الثاني:

إن أخذ مربع دالة الموجة يعطينا شدة الموجة.

الآن مساحة الباعثات مسافة جانباً. يتم اختيار هذه المسافة لتبسيط الحساب ولكن يمكن تعديلها على أنها أي جزء عددي من الطول الموجي.

كما يحقق الجيب أقصى حد له , نضع البسط في الجزء الثاني = 1.

وهكذا مع ازدياد حجم "N" ، سيهيمن على المصطلح .بما أن الجيب يمكن أن يتذبذب بين −1 و 1 ، يمكننا أن نرى ذلك الإعداد سوف يرسل الحد الأقصى من الطاقة على زاوية من قبل

الأنواع المختلفة للمصفوفات الطورية


المصفوفة الطورية المتحركة

المصفوفة الطورية الثابتة

برج هوائي يتكون من مصفوفة هوائي متطور أطوار ثابتة مع أربعة عناصر


المصفوفة الطورية النشطة

المصفوفة الطورية الغير نشطة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Milligan, Thomas A. (2005). Modern Antenna Design, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471720607.
  2. ^ أ ب ت Balanis, Constantine A. (2015). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303. ISBN 1119178983.
  3. ^ Stutzman, Warren L.; Thiele, Gary A. (2012). Antenna Theory and Design. John Wiley & Sons. p. 315. ISBN 0470576642.
  4. ^ Lida, Takashi (2000). Satellite Communications: System and Its Design Technology. IOS Press. ISBN 4274903796.
  5. ^ Laplante, Phillip A. (1999). Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Springer Science and Business Media. ISBN 3540648356.
  6. ^ أ ب Visser, Hubregt J. (2006). Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xi. ISBN 0470871180.
  7. ^ Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2007). RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies. CRC Press. p. 10.1. ISBN 142000672X.
  8. ^ Mazda, Xerxes; Mazda, F. F. (1999). The Focal Illustrated Dictionary of Telecommunications. Taylor & Francis. p. 476. ISBN 0240515447.
  9. ^ قالب:FS1037C MS188 Definition of Phased Array Archived 2004-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 27 April 2006.
  10. ^ Sturdivant, Rick; Quan, Clifton; Chang, Enson (2018). Systems Engineering of Phased Arrays. Artech House. ISBN 978-1630814885.
  11. ^ Sturdivant, Rick; Harris, Mike (2015). Transmit Receive Modules for Radar and Communication Systems. Norwood, MA: Artech House. ISBN 978-1608079797.
  12. ^ Pandey, Anil (2019). Practical Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design (in الإنجليزية). Bostan: Artech House. p. 443. ISBN 9781630816681.
  13. ^ Braun, Karl Ferdinand (1967) [Delivered 11 December 1909]. "Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy". Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Retrieved 29 July 2023 – via nobelprize.org. Braun's Nobel Prize lecture. The phased array section is on pages 239–240.
  14. ^ "Die Strassburger Versuche über gerichtete drahtlose Telegraphie" (The Strassburg experiments on directed wireless telegraphy), Elektrotechnische und Polytechnische Rundschau (Electrical technology and polytechnic review [a weekly]), (1 November 1905). This article is summarized (in German) in: Adolf Prasch, ed., Die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Drahtlosen Telegraphie [Progress in the field of wireless telegraphy] (Stuttgart, Germany: Ferdinand Enke, 1906), vol. 4, pages 184–185.
  15. ^ http://www.100jahreradar.de/index.html?/gdr_5_deutschefunkmesstechnikim2wk.html Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Mamut1 first early warning PESA Radar
  16. ^ W. J. Evanzia. "Faster, lighter 3-D radars in sight for tactical warfare". Electronics. 1966. p. 81, 83, 87.
  17. ^ "A Fully Integrated 24GHz 8-Path Phased-Array Receiver in Silicon" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-11.
  18. ^ "A 24GHz Phased-Array Transmitter in 0.18μm CMOS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-11.
  19. ^ "A 77GHz 4-Element Phased Array Receiver with On-Chip Dipole Antennas in Silicon" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-11.
  20. ^ "A 77GHz Phased-Array Transmitter with Local LO- Path Phase-Shifting in Silicon" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-09.
  21. ^ World’s Most Complex Silicon Phased Array Chip Developed at UC San Diego Archived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine in UCSD News (reviewed 2 November 2007)
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