نزاع جزر الفوكلاند

خط زمني للسيطرة الفعلية

February 1764 – April 1767	مملكة فرنسا
January 1765 – July 1770	مملكة بريطانيا العظمى
April 1767 – February 1811	إسپانيا
September 1771 – May 1774	مملكة بريطانيا العظمى
February 1811 – August 1829	None
August 1829 – December 1831	United Provinces
December 1831 – January 1832	الولايات المتحدة
January–December 1832	None
December 1832 – January 1833	الكونفدرالية الأرجنتينية
January–August 1833	المملكة المتحدة
August 1833 – January 1834	None
January 1834 – April 1982	المملكة المتحدة
April–June 1982	الأرجنتين
June 1982 – present	المملكة المتحدة

Sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas in Spanish) is disputed between Argentina and the United Kingdom.

The British claim to sovereignty dates from 1690, and the United Kingdom has exercised de facto sovereignty over the archipelago almost continuously since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a period prior to 1833. The dispute escalated in 1982, when Argentina invaded the islands, precipitating the Falklands War.

Contemporary Falkland Islanders overwhelmingly prefer to remain British. They gained full British citizenship with the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, after British victory in the Falklands War.

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 الأساس التاريخي للنزاع

انظر أيضاً: History of the Falkland Islands, Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands, Falkland Crisis (1770), Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands (1833), and Sovereignty of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

De facto control over the Falkland Islands

 الاستيطان الفرنسي

French nobleman, Louis Antoine de Bougainville

 المستوطنات البريطانية

British Royal Naval Captain John Byron

 المستوطنات الأرجنتينية

American privateer, Colonel Jewett

Luis Vernet, controversially appointed Military and Civil Commander of Falkland Islands and the Islands adjacent to Cape Horn in 1829

 حرب الفوكلاند

موقع جزر الفوكلاند

المقالة الرئيسية: حرب الفوكلاند

The Falklands War of 1982 was the largest and most severe armed conflict over the sovereignty of the islands. It started following the occupation of South Georgia by Argentine scrap merchants whose number included some Argentine Marines. However the UK had also reduced its presence in the Islands by announcing the withdrawal of HMS Endurance, the Royal Navy's icebreaker ship and only permanent presence in the South Atlantic. The UK had also denied Falkland Islanders full British citizenship under the British Nationality Act 1981.

Commander-in-chief of the Argentine Navy, Admiral Jorge Anaya

 الادعاءات الحالية

انظر أيضاً: List of Falkland Islands placenames

 الأرجنتين

The Argentine government argues that it has maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands since 1833, and renewed it as recently as December 2012. It considers the archipelago part of the Tierra del Fuego Province, along with South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

Supporters of the Argentine position make the following claims:

• That sovereignty of the islands was transferred to Argentina from Spain upon independence in 1810, a principle known as uti possidetis juris.

 The Nootka Sound Conventions

In 1789, both the United Kingdom and Spain attempted settlement in the Nootka Sound, on Vancouver Island. On 25 October 1790, these two Kingdoms approved the Nootka Sound Convention. The Conventions included provisions recognising that the coasts and islands of South America colonised by Spain at the time were Spanish, and that areas south of the southernmost settlements were off limits to both countries, provided (in a secret article) that no third party settled there either. The conventions were unilaterally repudiated by Spain in 1795 but implicitly revived by the Treaty of Madrid in 1814.

 المملكة المتحدة

The UK exercises de facto control over the islands

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  Map of the Islands, with British names
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  Map of the Islands, with Argentine names

 الهامش

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 المصادر

• Secret Falklands fleet revealed, BBC News, 1 June 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4597581.stm 
• Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés, eds. (2000) (in Spanish), Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, Buenos Aires: GEL/Nuevohacer under auspices of Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI), ISBN 950-694-546-2, http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/historia_indice00.htm 
• Chenette, Lt Cdr Richard D, USN (1987), The Argentine Seizure of the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands: History and Diplomacy, US Marine Corps Staff College Research Paper, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1987/CRD.htm 
• Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982), The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain, Buenos Aires: Edipress, ISBN 950-01-6904-5 
• Fox, Robert (1992), Eyewitness Falklands, Mandarin, ISBN 0-7493-1215-7 
• Greig, D.W (1983), Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis, Vol. 8, pp. 20–70, http://www.austlii.com/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw//1978/2.pdf 
• Hastings, Max; Jenkins, Simon (1997), The Battle for the Falklands, Pan, ISBN 0-330-35284-9 
• L.L. Ivanov et al. The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. 96 pp. ISBN 954-91503-1-3

 للاستزادة

• "Falkland Islands Profile". BBC.
• Raimondo, Fabián (2012). "The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falklands/Malvinas: What Role for the UN?". Netherlands International Law Review. 59 (3): 399–423. doi:10.1017/s0165070x12000277. ISSN 0165-070X.