لستر فرانك وارد

لستر ف. وارد Lester F. Ward
لستر وارد.
وُلِدَ	لستر فرانك وارد (1841-06-18)يونيو 18, 1841 جوليت، إلينوي، الولايات المتحدة
توفي	أبريل 18, 1913(1913-04-18) (aged 71) واشنطن دي سي
المثوى	واترتاون، نيويورك
الجنسية	أمريكي
المدرسة الأم	• Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, Towanda, Pennsylvania • جامعة كلومبيا • جامعة براون
المهنة	• جيولوجي • عالم اجتماع • أستاذ
رب العمل	• المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي • مؤسسة سميثسونيان • جامعة براون
اللقب	علم النبات العتيق، علم الاجتماع، وطرح علم الاجتماع كتخصص للتعليم العالي.
الزوج	إليزابث كارولين ڤوت (ليزي)؛ بعض المصادر تطلق عليها إليزابث كارولين بوت.
الوالدان	يوستوس وارد سايلنس رولف وارد

لستر ف. وارد Lester F. Ward (و. 18 يونيو 1841 - ت. 18 أبريل 1913)، هو عالم نبات، عالم نبات عتيق، وعالم اجتماع أمريكي. كان أول رئيس للجمعية الأمريكية لعلم الاجتماع.

كان أول من طرح فصول علم الاجتماع في التعليم العالي الأمريكي. كان يعتقد بأن بلمجتمع المدار علمياً جاذبية خاصة للمفكرين أثناء الفترة التقدمية. كان تأثيره في بعض الدوائر (انظر: الإنجيل الاجتماعي) متأثراً بآراؤه حول الكهنوت المنظم، والذي كان يؤمن بمسئوليته عن الشر أكثر من الخير عبر التاريخ الإنساني.

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 اقتباسات

وارد وحفريات جذوع أشجار.

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 المراجع

• Becker, Ernest; Escape From Evil; Free Press, reissue edition; 1985.
• John Chynoweth Burnham (1956). Lester Frank Ward in American thought. Annals of American sociology. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press.
• Samuel Chugerman (1939). Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 1258105985.
• Chriss, James J. (2006). "The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics". Journal of Classical Sociology. 6 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1177/1468795X06061282.
• Commager, Henry Steele (1950). "Lester Ward and the Science of Society". The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880's. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300000464.
• Commager, Henry Steele, ed.; Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.
• Coser, Lewis; A History of Sociological Analysis, Basic Books, New York http://www.sociology.ccsu.edu/adair/american_trends_by_lewis_coser.htm
• Dahms,Harry F.; Lester F. Ward http://web.utk.edu/~hdahms/Ward.pdf
• Finlay, Barbara; Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work; Gender & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, 251-265 (1999) http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/251
• Gossett, Thomas F.; Race: The History of an Idea in America, pg. 160 http://books.google.com/books?id=WUucYTW6ug0C&pg=PP1&dq=Race:+the+history+of+an+idea+in+America&client=opera#v=onepage&q=&f=false
• Harp, Gillis J.; Positivist Republic, Ch. 5 "Lester F. Ward: Positivist Whig" http://books.google.com/books?id=8M_6u9DO7PwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0
• Hofstadter, Richard.; Social Darwinism in American Thought, Chapter 4, (original 1944, 1955; reprint Boston: Beacon Press, 1992). http://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC&dq=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=ahuvSd3ENJ6DtwfatZn-BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
• Largey, Gale; Lester Ward: A Global Sociologist http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/3/7/7/0/pages237708/p237708-1.php
• Mers, Adelheid; Fusion http://adelheidmers.org/aweb/fusion.pdf
• Perlstadt,Harry; Applied Sociology as Translational Research: A One Hundred Fifty Year Voyage http://www.msu.edu/~perlstad/History_Applied_Sociology_H_Perlstadt_Jun_05.pdf
• Rafferty, Edward C.; Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q_5F1gu-mMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
• Ravitch, Diane; Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms; Simon & Schuster; Chapter one: The Educational Ladder http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/ravitch-back.html
• Ross, John R.; Man over Nature: the origins of the conservation movement https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2348/2307
• Ross, Dorthy; The Origins of American Social Science; Cambridge University Press http://books.google.com/books?id=rg4blh6xmhIC&pg=PA85&dq=%22beginnings+of+sociology%22+Dorothy+Ross&num=50&client=opera&sig=ACfU3U3yskKN_N59SPWMHWZttxk4Oo48MQ
• Seidelman,Raymond and Harpham, Edward J.; Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984; pg. 26 http://books.google.com/books?id=09-ZDrzUz-gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0
• Wood, Clement; The Sociology Of Lester F Ward https://archive.org/details/sociologyofleste033176mbp

 أعمال مختارة

 1880-1889

• Ward, Lester F. (1881). "Guide to the Flora of Washington, D.C and Vicinity". http://books.google.ca. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 26 (22): 363–469. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1883). Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 1). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences. Vol. Vol. 1 of 2. New York: D. Appleton & Co. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1885). "Sketch of Paleobotany". http://www.archive.org. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Extract from the Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883-'84. Washington: Washington Printing Office. ?? (??): 363–469. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1885). "Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group". http://www.archive.org. Chicago: U.S. Geological Survey. 6: 399–557. {{cite journal}}: External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1887). "Types of the Laramie Flora". http://archive.org. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Washington: Washington Printing Office. ?? (37): 363–469. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |website= (help)

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 1890-1899

• Ward, Lester F. (1891). Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism. Washington: Gedney & Roberts Co. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1893). The Psycic Factors of Civilization. Boston: Ginn & Co. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help) (reprinted 1906)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). Contributions to Social Philosophy. II. Sociology and Cosmology. Vol. Vol. 1, No. 2. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 132–145. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). Contributions to Social Philosophy. III. Sociology and Biology. Vol. Vol. 1, No. 3. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 313–326. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). Contributions to Social Philosophy. IV. Sociology and Anthropology. Vol. Vol. 1, No. 4. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 426–433. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). Contributions to Social Philosophy. V. Sociology and Psychology. Vol. Vol. 1, No. 5. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 618–632. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). Contributions to Social Philosophy. VI. The Data of Sociology. Vol. Vol. 1, No. 6. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 738–752. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). Contributions to Social Philosophy. VII. The Social Forces. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 1. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 82–95. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). Contributions to Social Philosophy. VIII. The Mechanics of Society. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 2. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 234–254. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). Contributions to Social Philosophy. IX. The Purpose of Sociology. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 3. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 446–460. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). Contributions to Social Philosophy. X. Social Genesis. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 4. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 532–546. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). Contributions to Social Philosophy. XI. Individual Telesis. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 5. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 699–717. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). Contributions to Social Philosophy. XII. Collective Telesis. Vol. Vol. 2, No. 6. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 801–822. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 2). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences. Vol. Vol. 2 of 2. New York: D. Appleton & Co. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1898). Outlines of Sociology. London: The Macmillan Co. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help) (reprinted 1913)

 1900-1909

• Ward, Lester F. (January 1902). "Contemporary Sociology, I-IV (Part 1 of 3)". http://www.archive.org. American Journal of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (4). {{cite journal}}: External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (March 1902). "Contemporary Sociology, V-VIII (Part 2 of 3)". http://www.archive.org. American Journal of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (5): 629–658. {{cite journal}}: External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (May 1902). Contemporary Sociology, IX-XII (Part 3 of 3). American Journal of Sociology. Vol. Vol. 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 749–762. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• (1903) Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society. (2,625 KB - PDF)

• Ward, Lester F. (1905). "Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 1". http://www.archive.org. Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 48 (Part 1 - Text): 5–616. {{cite journal}}: External link in |website= (help) With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland

• Ward, Lester F. (1905). "Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 2". http://www.archive.org. Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 48 (Part 2 - Plates): ~500pp. {{cite journal}}: External link in |website= (help) With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland

• Dealey, James Q.; Ward, Lester F. (1905). A Text-Book of Sociology. London: The Macmillan Co. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1906). Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society. New York, et al: Ginn & Co. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1908). Social Classes in the Light of Modern Sociological Theory. Vol. Vol. 13. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 617–627. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

 1910-1919

• Ward, Lester F. (1913). Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 737–754. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 1. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 2. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 3. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 4. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 5. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 6. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help); External link in |website= (help)

 انظر أيضاً

• تاريخ الإنسانية

 قراءات إضافية

 مراجع أساسية

• Commager, Henry Steele, ed., Lester Frank Ward and the Welfare State (1967), major writings by Ward, and long introduction by Commager
• Stern, Bernhard J. ed. Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived in the Vicinity of the Little Town of Towanda, Pennsylvania; in the Field as a Rank and File Soldier in the Union Army; and Later in the Nation's Capital, by Lester Ward Who became the First Great Sociologist This Country Produced (1935)

 مراجع ثانوية

• Bannister, Robert. Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880-1940 (1987), pp 13–31.
• Burnham, John C. "Lester Frank Ward as Natural Scientist," American Quarterly 1954 6#3 pp. 259–265 in JSTOR
• Chugerman, Samuel. Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology (Duke University Press, 1939)
• Fine, Sidney. Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865-1901 (1956), pp 252–88
• Muccigrosso, Robert, ed. Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 3:1570-4
• Nelson, Alvin F. "Lester Ward's Conception of the Nature of Science," Journal of the History of Ideas (1972) 33#4 pp. 633–638 in JSTOR
• Scott, Clifford H. Lester Frank Ward (1976)

 وصلات هارجية

 مراجع أساسية

• Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Collection, 1860-1913, Brown University Library Collections
• Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883-1919, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University

• Smithsonian Institution Archives. "Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1882–1913, with Related Materials to Circa 1965". http://collections.si.edu. Retrieved 23 August 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

• Lester Ward (search of Archive.org). "Internet Archive Search: Ward, Lester". https://archive.org/. Retrieved 23 August 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

 مراجع ثانوية

• Ralf Schreyer. "Lester Frank Ward: Sociology - Primary Resources". http://www.geocities.ws/ralf_schreyer. Retrieved 23 August 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
• The Sunday Review; Towanda, Pennsylvania
• Short biography
• A Lester Ward web site
• Public Sociology website
• Mansfield professor makes documentary on Lester Frank Ward

سبقه —

رئيس الجمعية الأمريكية لعلم الاجتماع 1906–1907

تبعه وليام گراهام سمنر