لوفت‌ڤافه

لوفت‌ڤافه
Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe eagle
نسر لوفت‌ڤافه
نشطة1935–1946[N 1]
البلد ألمانيا النازية (1935-1945)
 ألمانيا (1945-1946)
النوعقوات جوية
الحجمالطائرات 119,871[2] (اجمالي الانتاج)؛ الأفراد 3,400,000 (اجمالي المتواجدون في الخدمة في أي وقت 1939-45)[3]
جزء منڤرماخت
الاشتباكاتالحرب الأهلية الإسپانية الحرب العالمية الثانية
القادة
أبرز
القادة
رايخ-مارشال هرمان گورينگ
الشارات
Luftwaffe eagle. The image is attached to a LuftflotteChef einer Luftflotte Version 1.svg
Narrow-flank Balkenkreuz used on upper wing surfacesRegulation WW II Upperwing Balkenkreuz.png
Wide-pattern Balkenkreuz for wing undersurfaces and fuselage sidesRegulation WW II Underwing Balkenkreuz.png

لوفت‌ڤافه Luftwaffe، كانت فرع من القوات الجوية للڤرماخت الألماني أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. بعد القوات الجوية العسكرية الامبراطورية الألمانية في فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى، تم حل الوحدات الجوية البحرية لوفت‌سترايت‌كرافته، و[[مشاة بحرية كايسرلايخه بحلول مايو 1920 بموجب بنود معاهدة ڤرساي، أعيد تشكيل لوفت‌ڤافه في 26 فبراير 1935 ونمت لتصبح أكثر قوة، الأكثر تقدماً عقائدياً، وأكثر قوات جوية خبرة بالمعارك في العالم عندما بدأت الحرب العالمية الثانية في أوروپا في سبتمبر 1939.[4] بعد هزيمة الرايخ الثالث، حُلت لوفت‌ڤافه عام 1946.

لوفت‌ڤافه أيضاً مصطلح عام في البلدان الناطقة بالألمانية يطلق على أي خدمة طيران عسكري وطني، واسم تحمله قوات جوية في بلدان أخرى عادة ما يترجم للألمانية "لوفت‌ڤافه" (مثل القوات الجوية الملكية عادة ما يترجم إلى "britische Luftwaffe").[بحاجة لمصدر] ومع ذلك، فلوفت‌سترايت‌كرافته، أو "القوات المسلحة الجوية"، يستخدم أحياناً كترجمة "للقوات الجوية" للجيوش الجوية فيما بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى، وكان يستخدم ككلمة أولى للاسم الألماني الرسمي للقوات الجوية الألمانية الشرقية، التي حُلت قبل توحيد ألمانيا بيوم واحد في أكتوبر 1990.

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الأصول

الحرب العالمية الأولى

Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg
Manfred von Richthofen with other members of Jasta 11, 1917 as part of the Luftstreitkräfte


بين الحربين

The NSFK pennant. Members helped form the nucleus of the Luftwaffe in 1933
Flag of the Deutscher Luftsportverband (DLV), German Airsports Association.


الاستعداد للحرب: 1933–1939

سنوات ڤيفر، 1933 – 1936

Walther Wever, Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, 1933–1936.


تغيير الاتجاه، 1936 – 1937

Ernst Udet. Along with Kesselring, Udet was responsible for establishing the design trend of German aircraft. Udet's focus was on tactical army support air forces


الغطس-القصف

التعبئة، 1938 – 1941

Polish civilian strafed by Luftwaffe, September 1939


تنظيم لوفت‌ڤافه

قادة لوفت‌ڤافه

هرمان گورينگ. كان گورينگ رئيس أركان لوفت‌ڤافه حتى أبريل 1945.
Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in the dock. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler's death.



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التنظيم وسلسلة القيادة


الحرب الأهلية الإسپانية

Ruins of Guernica (1937)


الحرب العالمية الثانية

Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of No. 609 Squadron RAF, flown by Flight Lieutenant J. H. G. McArthur, hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter.


الإهمال والفشل

The most troublesome of all German designs during WW II — both in development and in service — was the He 177 heavy bomber.
Arguably, one of the greatest tactical failures was the neglect of naval aviation in the western theatre, 1939–1941.


القوات البرية للوفت‌ڤافه

جرائم الحرب

التجارب على البشر في الطيران العسكري


انظر أيضاً

المصادر

الهوامش

  1. ^ Official dissolution of the Wehrmacht, including the Luftwaffe, began with Proclamation No. 2 of the Allied Control Council on 20 September 1945 and was not complete until Order No. 34 of 20 August 1946.[1]

المصادر

  1. ^ "Control Council Law No. 34, Resolution of the Wehrmacht of 20 August 1946" (in German). Official Gazette of the Control Council for Germany, 1 May 2004 – 7 June 2004, p. 172.
  2. ^ Tom Philo. "WWII production figures". Taphilo.com. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  3. ^ Jason Pipes (2008). "Statistics and Numbers". Feldgrau.com. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  4. ^ Killen 2003, p. 93.

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وصلات خارجية