لغة خميرية

Khmer
Khmer
Cambodian
ភាសាខ្មែរ
النطق	IPA: [pʰiːəsaː kʰmaːe]
موطنها	Cambodia, Vietnam, تايلند
العرق	Khmer, Northern Khmer
الناطقون الأصليون	16 million (2007)ne2007
عائلة اللغات	Austro-Asiatic Khmer;
اللهجات	Battambang; Phnom Penh; Khmer Surin; Khmer Krom (Southern Khmer); Cardamom Khmer (Western Khmer); Khmer Khe;
نظام الكتابة	Khmer script (abugida); Khmer Braille
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	كمبوديا
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	khm
ISO 639-2	khm
ISO 639-3	Either:; khm – Central Khmer; kxm – Northern Khmer
Glottolog	khme1253

اللغة الخميرية ( /kmɛər/^[1] وتسمى خميرية واللغة الكمبودية) هي لغة الكهميريون في دولة كمبوديا، وهي إحدى اللغات الرئيسية من عائلة أستروآسيوية. تأثرت اللغة بالسنسكريتية والپالي عبر الديانات البوذية والهندية، وتأثرت أيضاً من اللغات اللاو والتاي بسبب القرب الجغرافي إليهم.

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التوزيع الجغرافي واللهجات

Approximate locations where various dialects of Khmer are spoken

الفترات التاريخية

A stone carved in Middle Khmer

A wax sculpture of Chuon Nath, the conservator of the modern Khmer language، في القرية الثقافية الكمبودية

المراحل التاريخية للخمير
المرحلة التاريخية	التاريخ
Pre- or Proto-Khmer	Before 600 CE
Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer	600–800 CE
Angkorian Old Khmer	800 to mid-1300s
Middle Khmer	Mid-1300s to 1700s
Modern Khmer	1800–present

الحروف المتحركة

Monophthongs of Khmer^[2]
	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː	ɨ	ɨː	u	uː
Close-mid	e	eː	ə	əː	o	oː
Open-mid		ɛː				ɔː
Open	a	aː	ɑ	ɑː

Diphthongs of Khmer^[2]
Long diphthongs	iə	ei	ae	ɨə	əɨ	aə	uə	ou	ao	ɔə
Short diphthongs		ĕə					ŭə	ŏə

بنية المقاطع

	p	ɓ	t	ɗ	c	k	ʔ	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	j	l	r	s	h	ʋ	t+h	k+h	t+r	k+r
p			pʰt-	pɗ-	pʰc-	pʰk-	pʔ-		pʰn-	pʰɲ-	pʰŋ-	pʰj-	pʰl-	pr-	ps-	pʰ-
t	tʰp-	tɓ-				tʰk-	tʔ-	tʰm-	tʰn-		tʰŋ-	tʰj-	tʰl-	tr-		tʰ-	tʰʋ-
c	cʰp-	cɓ-		cɗ-		cʰk-	cʔ-	cʰm-	cʰn-		cʰŋ-		cʰl-	cr-		cʰ-	cʰʋ-
k	kʰp-	kɓ-	kʰt-	kɗ-	kʰc-		kʔ-	kʰm-	kʰn-	kʰɲ-	kŋ-	kʰj-	kʰl-	kr-	ks-	kʰ-	kʰʋ-
s	sp-	sɓ-	st-	sɗ-		sk-	sʔ-	sm-	sn-	sɲ-	sŋ-		sl-	sr-			sʋ-	stʰ-		str-	skr-
ʔ																	ʔʋ-
m			mt-	mɗ-	mc-		mʔ-		mn-	mɲ-			ml-	mr-	ms-	mh-
l	lp-	lɓ-				lk-	lʔ-	lm-			lŋ-					lh-	lʋ-		lkʰ-

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الأرقام

0	០	សូន្យ	/soun/
1	១	មួយ	/muəj/
2	២	ពីរ	/piː/	20	២០	ម្ភៃ	/məˈphɨj/
3	៣	បី	/ɓəːj/	30	៣០	សាមសិប	/saːm səp/
4	៤	បួន	/ɓuən/	40	៤០	សែសិប	/sae sǝp/
5	៥	ប្រាំ	/pram/	50	៥០	ហាសិប	/haː səp/
6	៦	ប្រាំមូយ	/pram muəj/	60	៦០	ហុកសិប	/hok səp/
7	៧	ប្រាំពីរ	/pram piː/, /pram pɨl/	70	៧០	ចិតសិប	/cət səp/
8	៨	ប្រាំបី	/pram ɓəːj/	80	៨០	ប៉ែតសិប	/paet səp/
9	៩	ប្រាំបួន	/pram ɓuən/	90	៩០	កៅសិប	/kaʋ səp/
10	១០	ដប់	/ɗɑp/	100	១០០	មួយរយ	/muəj rɔːj/

السجلات الاجتماعية

Situational usage	I/me		you		he/she/it
Intimate or addressing an inferior	អញ	[ʔaɲ]	ឯង	[ʔaɛ̯ŋ]	វា	[ʋiə̯]
neutral	ខ្ញុំ	[kʰɲom]	អ្នក	[neə̯̆ʔ]	គេ	[keː]
Formal	យើងខ្ញុំ or ខ្ញុំបាទ	[jəːŋ kʰɲom] [kʰɲom baːt]	លោក (or kinship term, title or rank)	[loːk]	គាត់	[kɔə̯t]
Layperson to/about Buddhist clergy	ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា	[kʰɲom preə̯̆h kaʔruʔnaː]	ព្រះតេជព្រះគុណ	[preə̯̆h daɛ̯c preə̯̆h kun]	ព្រអង្គ	[preə̯̆h ɑŋ]
Buddhist clergy to layperson	អាត្មា or អាចក្តី	[aːttma] [aːckdəj]	ញោមស្រី (to female) ញោមប្រុស (to male)	[ɲoːm srəj] [ɲoːm proh]	ឧបាសក (to male) ឧបាសិកា (to female)	[ʔuʔbaːsaʔ] [ʔuʔbaːsiʔkaː]
when addressing royalty	ខ្ញុំព្រះបាទអម្ចាស់ or ទូលបង្គុំ (male), ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ (female)	[kʰɲom preə̯̆h baːt aʔmcah]	ព្រះករុណា	[preə̯̆h kaʔruʔnaː]	ទ្រង់	[truə̯̆ŋ]

نظام الكتابة

An example of modern Khmer script في السفارة الكمبودية في برلين

ត + ា	= តា	/ta/	'grandfather'
ទ + ា	= ទា	/tiə/	'duck'

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

^ Oxford English Dictionary, "Khmer".
^ ^أ ^ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HUFF

للاستزادة

Ferlus, Michel. (1992). Essai de phonétique historique du khmer (Du milieu du premier millénaire de notre ère à l'époque actuelle)", Mon–Khmer Studies XXI: 57-89)
Headley, Robert and others. (1977). Cambodian-English Dictionary. Washington, Catholic University Press. ISBN 0-8132-0509-3
Herington, Jennifer and Amy Ryan. (2013). Sociolinguistic Survey of the Khmer Khe in Cambodia. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
Huffman, F. E., Promchan, C., & Lambert, C.-R. T. (1970). Modern spoken Cambodian. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01315-9
Huffman, F. E., Lambert, C.-R. T., & Im Proum. (1970). Cambodian system of writing and beginning reader with drills and glossary. Yale linguistic series. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01199-7
Jacob, Judith. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713574-9
Jacob, J. M. (1996). The traditional literature of Cambodia: a preliminary guide. London oriental series, v. 40. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713612-5
Jacob, J. M., & Smyth, D. (1993). Cambodian linguistics, literature and history: collected articles. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 0-7286-0218-0
Keesee, A. P. K. (1996). An English-spoken Khmer dictionary: with romanized writing system, usage, and indioms, and notes on Khmer speech and grammar. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 0-7103-0514-1
Meechan, M. (1992). Register in Khmer the laryngeal specification of pharyngeal expansion. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. ISBN 0-315-75016-2
Sak-Humphry, C. (2002). Communicating in Khmer: an interactive intermediate level Khmer course. Manoa, Hawai'i: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. OCLC: 56840636
Smyth, D. (1995). Colloquial Cambodian: a complete language course. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10006-2
Stewart, F., & May, S. (2004). In the shadow of Angkor: contemporary writing from Cambodia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2849-6
Tonkin, D. (1991). The Cambodian alphabet: how to write the Khmer language. Bangkok: Trasvin Publications. ISBN 974-88670-2-1

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وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Khmer phrasebook.

Kheng.info—An online audio dictionary for learning Khmer, with thousands of native speaker recordings and text segmentation software.
Language Links Database - language links and resources for Khmer language
SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Khmeric Branch
Khmer Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Dictionary and SpellChecker open sourced and collaborative project based on Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary
How to install Khmer script on a Windows 7 computer
How to install Khmer script on a Windows XP computer
Khmer at UCLA Language Materials project
Online Khmer & English dictionary
Khmer Online Dictionaries
USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Cambodian basic course
Khmer audio lessons at Wikiotics
http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/khmer/
http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/khmer-symbols/

قالب:Languages of Cambodia قالب:Languages of Thailand قالب:Languages of Vietnam قالب:Austroasiatic languages

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Oxford English Dictionary, "Khmer".

[HUFF-2] أ ^ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HUFF

[1]

[2]