كونياك، فرنسا

Cognac
Subprefecture and commune
The Saint-Jacques gate in Cognac
Coat of arms
Location of Cognac
Cognac Cognac
الإحداثيات: 45°42′N 0°20′W
البلد	فرنسا
المنطقة	Nouvelle-Aquitaine
الإقليم	شارنت
الدائرة	Cognac
الكانتون	Cognac-1 and 2
بين‌التجمعات	CA Grand Cognac
الحكومة
• العمدة (2020–2026)	Morgan Berger
المساحة 1	15٫5 كم² (6�0 ميل²)
التعداد  (يناير 2019)	18٬670
• الكثافة	1٬200/km2 (3٬100/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/الرمز البريدي	16102 /16100
المنسوب	5–53 m (16–174 ft) (avg. 27 m or 89 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Cognac (النطق الفرنسي: [kɔɲak]  ( استمع); Saintongese: Cougnat; أوكسيتان: Conhac [kuˈɲak] ( استمع)) is a commune in the Charente department, southwestern France. Administratively, the commune of Cognac is a subprefecture of the Charente department.

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 Name

The name is believed to be formed from individual masculine name -Connius, Gallic name, and the suffix -acum, which would correspond to the "domain of Connius".

 History

The town of Cognac was unknown before the ninth century, when it was fortified. During the Hundred Years' War, the town continually changed sides, according to the tides of war. In 1526, it lent its name to the War of the League of Cognac, the military alliance established by King Francis I of France to fight against the House of Habsburg. As a benefit of the War League of Cognac, King Francis I granted to the town of Cognac the commercial right to participate in the salt trade conducted along the river, from which regional Cognac developed into a centre for the production of wine and brandy.

In November 1651, Cognac was besieged by rebels led by Prince de Condé during the 1648-1653 civil war, the "Fronde"; and the town was relieved in December by a force under Comte d'Harcourt; afterwards, King Louis XIV granted Cognac additional commercial rights.

Cognac in Province of Angoumois (1789)

Cognac was part of the historic French province of Angoumois. In 1790, following the French Revolution that began the year before, the provinces were abolished and Angoumois became part of the newly created department of Charente.

 Geography

Cognac is situated on the river Charente between the towns of Angoulême and Saintes. The majority of the town has been built on the river's left bank, with the smaller right bank area known as the Saint Jacques district. The town is situated on one of the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela and is home to the French Air Force training base 709. Cognac is 400 kilometers (250 mi) southwest of Paris.

 Cognac brandy

المقالة الرئيسية: Cognac

The town gives its name to one of the world's best-known types of brandy or eau de vie. Drinks must be made in certain areas around the town of Cognac and must be made according to strictly defined regulations to be granted the name Cognac.

Cognac is a unique spirit in that it is double-distilled. This process can be viewed in one of the many "Grande Marque" Cognac houses which all have visitor centres. Most central in the town are Hennessy, Martell, Otard, Camus and Remy Martin. About 15 km (9 mi) east of Cognac is Jarnac, home to Courvoisier.

There are six vineyard areas around the Cognac area, all of which are within the Appellation Controlee for Cognac, but which are considered to vary in quality from the best growth area of "Grande Champagne" (nothing to do with the Champagne wine region in NE France), through "Petite Champagne" then "Borderies", "Fins Bois", "Bon Bois" and finally "Bois Ordinaire". The best Cognacs are generally only made using Grande and Petite Champagne grapes, but all Cognac is produced by blending a variety of eau de vie which can be made from grapes from different locations, and from different vintages. It is the cellar master's skill that ensures that a brand's Cognac is recognizable regardless of when it is produced, since he can blend multiple eaux de vie to achieve the right taste for his house.

Different qualities of Cognac are produced by all brands, and include VS ("Very Special"); VSOP ("Very Superior [or, more commonly, "Special", though the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac specifies "Superior"] Old Pale") and XO ("eXtra Old"). (English terms are still used, since in the early days of Cognac production it was the British who were the main consumers and also became some of the main producers of Cognac, using techniques acquired from the distillation of whisky, etc.) These are controlled by the length of time the Cognac is allowed to mature in oak barrels, a minimum time being required at each grade level. The longer the Cognac matures in the barrel the smoother it will generally become. Once it is bottled no further development takes place. Most houses still have barrels of Cognac dating back to the 19th century sitting in their cellars waiting for fine blending by the Cellar Master.

 Climate

Climate data for Cognac, France (1981–2010 averages)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.4 (65.1)	22.5 (72.5)	26.2 (79.2)	31.0 (87.8)	34.0 (93.2)	40.0 (104.0)	40.3 (104.5)	39.6 (103.3)	36.4 (97.5)	30.6 (87.1)	24.7 (76.5)	20.5 (68.9)	40.1 (104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	9.4 (48.9)	11.0 (51.8)	14.4 (57.9)	16.9 (62.4)	20.8 (69.4)	24.3 (75.7)	26.8 (80.2)	26.7 (80.1)	23.5 (74.3)	18.9 (66.0)	13.0 (55.4)	9.8 (49.6)	18.0 (64.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	2.8 (37.0)	4.9 (40.8)	6.9 (44.4)	10.6 (51.1)	13.6 (56.5)	15.3 (59.5)	15.0 (59.0)	12.3 (54.1)	9.8 (49.6)	5.5 (41.9)	3.3 (37.9)	8.6 (47.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.5 (0.5)	−19.4 (−2.9)	−10.2 (13.6)	−2.9 (26.8)	−0.2 (31.6)	3.0 (37.4)	6.4 (43.5)	5.5 (41.9)	2.2 (36.0)	−3.8 (25.2)	−8.4 (16.9)	−14.5 (5.9)	−19.4 (−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	71.9 (2.83)	52.0 (2.05)	57.7 (2.27)	71.0 (2.80)	65.1 (2.56)	52.3 (2.06)	48.2 (1.90)	47.3 (1.86)	59.8 (2.35)	81.2 (3.20)	86.3 (3.40)	84.3 (3.32)	777.1 (30.59)
Average precipitation days	11.7	9.2	10.1	11.3	10.7	7.5	7.0	6.6	8.0	11.4	11.7	11.9	117.0
Average relative humidity (%)	87	82	76	74	75	72	69	72	76	83	87	88	78
Mean monthly sunshine hours	83.0	111.9	162.4	180.5	215.9	238.4	249.9	244.8	199.2	137.3	91.2	81.4	1٬995٫9
Source 1: Meteo France
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990)

 Population

The inhabitants of the town are known in French as Cognaçais.

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1793 2٬846 —     1800 2٬827 −0.10% 1806 3٬134 +1.73% 1821 2٬947 −0.41% 1831 3٬409 +1.47% 1841 4٬118 +1.91% 1846 4٬947 +3.74% 1851 5٬835 +3.36% 1856 7٬085 +3.96% 1861 8٬167 +2.88% 1866 9٬412 +2.88% 1872 13٬677 +6.43% 1876 14٬900 +2.16% 1881 14٬087 −1.12% 1886 15٬200 +1.53% 1891 17٬392 +2.73% 1896 20٬228 +3.07% 1901 19٬483 −0.75%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1906 19٬469 −0.01% 1911 19٬188 −0.29% 1921 18٬876 −0.16% 1926 17٬452 −1.56% 1931 17٬404 −0.06% 1936 16٬305 −1.30% 1946 17٬479 +0.70% 1954 19٬026 +1.07% 1962 20٬798 +1.12% 1968 22٬062 +0.99% 1975 22٬237 +0.11% 1982 20٬660 −1.05% 1990 19٬528 −0.70% 1999 19٬534 +0.00% 2007 19٬243 −0.19% 2012 18٬626 −0.65% 2017 18٬825 +0.21%
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)

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 Landmarks

• The Old Town. The town's medieval quarter "Vieux Cognac" runs from the Tours Saint-Jacques, alongside the river, up to the Saint-Léger church. The area contains many unusual buildings, built between the 15th and 18th centuries, situated on narrow cobbled streets. Many contain sculptures of the salamander, the symbol of King François I, as well as gargoyles and richly decorated façades.
• The Château des Valois, an important medieval trading post.
• The Saint-Léger church. Church Exterior
• The musée d'Art et d'Histoire (art and history museum)
• The musée des arts du Cognac (art museum)
• The Saint-Gobain glassworks and barrelworks
• Cognac Public Garden

 Notable people

• The botanist Pierre Boiteau (1911–1980) was born in Cognac
• The glassmaker Claude Boucher, inventor of the glass-blowing machine in around 1880, lived and worked in Cognac
• The car manufacturer Louis Delâge was born in Cognac in 1874
• Francis I (king of France between 1515 and 1547) was born in the town's castle in 1494. The town's main square is named after him and a statue of the king, on horseback over his enemies, stands at the centre.
• Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, born in Cognac in 1838, discovered the elements Gallium in 1875 and Samarium in 1878
• Jean Monnet, one of the founding fathers of the European Union, was born in Cognac in 1888 and ran the Monnet Cognac family-controlled enterprise in the 1920s
• The French adult film star and model François Sagat was born in Cognac.
• The French poet Octavien de Saint-Gelais was born in Cognac in 1468

 Sport

• US Cognac is the city's rugby union team.
• Cognac was the start of Stage 19 in the 2007 Tour de France.

 Twin towns—sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Cognac is twinned with:

• Boala, Burkina Faso
• Bozhou, China
• Denison, United States
• Königswinter, Germany
• Michalovce, Slovakia
• Perth, Scotland
• Pisco, Peru
• Tovuz, Azerbaijan
• Valdepeñas, Spain
• Vyškov, Czech Republic

 Gallery

• 

  The Musée des arts du Cognac

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  The Château des Valois

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  The Château des Valois

 See also

• The Coniacian Age of the Cretaceous Period of geological time is named for the city of Cognac
• Communes of the Charente department

 External links

• Official website (in فرنسية)