كريسپس آتكس

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كريسپس آتكس Crispus Attucks
صورة لكريسپس آتكس
وُلِدَ	ح. 1723 فريمنگهام، مساتشوستس
توفي	5 مارس 1770 (aged 46-47) بوسطن، مساتشوستس، أمريكا البريطانية
المهنة	Dockworker

كريسپس آتكس Crispus Attucks (ح. 1723 – 5 مارس 1770) كان عبداً أمريكياً من أصل أفريقي، وتاجر، وبحار، في عام 1770 في مذبحة بوسطن خمسة أمريكان، ضمنهم كريسپس آتكس، وصبي، تقتلهم القوات البريطانية في حدث سيسهم في إشعال الحرب الثورية الأمريكية (وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم حرب الإستقلال الأمريكية) بعد خمس سنوات. وفي محاكمة لاحقة، دافع عن الجنود جون أدامز.

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 مذبحة بوسطن

المقالة الرئيسية: مذبحة بوسطن

This 19th century lithograph is a variation of the famous engraving of the Boston Massacre by John Bufford. Produced soon before the الحرب الثورية الأمريكية, this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks, who had become a symbol for Abolitionists. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, ca. 1856)

 ذكراه وتكريماته

Crispus Attucks' grave in the Granary Burying Ground

• 1858, Boston-area abolitionists, including William Cooper Nell, established "Crispus Attucks Day" to commemorate him.
• 1886, the places where Crispus Attucks and Samuel Gray fell were marked by circles on the pavement. Within each circle, a hub with spokes leads out to form a wheel.
• 1888, a monument honoring Attucks and the other victims of the Boston Massacre was erected on Boston Common. It is over 25 feet high and about 10 feet wide. The bas-relief (raised portion on the face of the main part of the monument) portrays the Boston Massacre, with Attucks lying in the foreground. Under the scene is the date, March 5, 1770. Above the bas-relief stands a female figure, Free America, holding the broken chain of oppression in her right hand. Beneath her right foot, she crushes the royal crown of England. At the left of the figure, is an eagle. Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument. Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr.
  

  Crispus Attucks Middle School, Sunnyside, Houston, Texas
• Although that year leaders of the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial, since the twentieth century both organizations have acknowledged his role and promoted interest in black history and genealogy.
• 1998, the United States Treasury released "The Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar" featuring Attucks' image on the obverse side. Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial in Washington, DC.
• 2002, the Afrocentrist scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Crispus Attucks as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.
• Places named for Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, Indiana, Attucks Middle School in Sunnyside, Houston, Texas, the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Kansas City, Missouri, the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia, the Crispus Attucks Association in York, Pennsylvania, Crispus Attucks Road in Spring Valley, New York, Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn and the Crispus Attucks Center in Dorchester, Massachusetts.

 في الثقافة العامة

• The poet John Boyle O'Reilly wrote the following poem when the monument was finally unveiled:

And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray. Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye...

• Martin Luther King, Jr. referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of Why We Can't Wait (1964) as an example of a man whose contribution to history provided a potent message of moral courage.
• In an unsourced, popular book about Attucks, James Neyland wrote his appraisal of the man's significance:

He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.

• In the 4th season 30 Rock episode "Winter Madness", character Tracy Jordan accuses a Bostonian John Hancock re-enactor of lying after claiming to have met Attucks at a Sons of Liberty meeting in 1775, five years after his death.
• In February 2012, Wayne Brady, JB Smoove, and Michael Kenneth Williams, as well as Keith David appeared in a satirical rap music video about Crispus Attucks.

 قائمة المراجع

• Parr, James L. & Swope, Kevin A. Framingham: Legends and Lore. The History Press, 2009.

 وصلات خارجية

• Crispus Attucks: The Original Patriot US Army's The Story of America's Black Patriots
• "Crispus Attucks", Africans in America, PBS
• "Crispus Attucks", AfricaWithin
• Crispus Attucks Association, Inc.
• "The Murder of Crispus Attucks", Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.
• "Trial of Murderers", Framingham Website